1. Intelligence – Part 2

2. Write EVERYTHING in BLUE You Do NOT need to write what is in BLACK

3. Assessing Intelligence Intelligence tests-method for assessing a person’s mental aptitudes & comparing them to others.

4. Intelligence Review Mental ability is the capacity to reason, remember, understand, solve problems, and make decisions. Western cultures indicate mental ability in terms of thought.. the pursuit of intelligence! (Intell)

5. Divergent thinking is the ability to think along many paths to generate many solutions to a problem. – More than one solution to the problem Convergent thinking is the ability to think logically to come up with one answer Divergent thinking tests measure the number of different or unusual plausible responses that one can list for each item.

6. History of intelligence testing Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon – Developed child’s mental age: the chronological age typical of a given level of performance Average 9 year old has mental age of a 9 year old (brilliant right?) – Theorized that mental aptitude is a general capacity that shows up in various ways – Did not try to find out WHY children were below average

7. History continued… Lewis Terman – wrote an English version of Binet’s test, the Stanford-Binet. Terman devised the IQ, or intelligence quotient IQ=Mental Age (MA) x100 chronological age – Most no longer do this; use mental age relative to average performance of others of same age

8. History continued… In 1912 Henry Goddard created a test stressing English writing skills and American culture for immigration purposes. In 1949, Wechsler developed the modern test w/ 11 subtests. WAIS:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Overall intelligence score + separate scores for verbal comp, perceptual organization, working memory & processing speed

9. Most people score near the middle, so that has set the? – norm Normal curve: symmetrical bell- shaped curve clustered around the middle (average)

10. Reliability -Repeat the task and get the same results: - Stability - correlation co- efficients are = to.80 or above – Test-re-test reliability - same test given twice w/o practice & use alternative form of original exam. – Split half- first and second half scores should correlate. Could compare results on odd versus even numbered questions.

11. Validity A test may be reliable, without being valid Validity – the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. – What would happen if we used a inaccurate scale or tape measure? Would be highly reliable (consistent) but would lack validity

12. Validity - continued Content validity – testing for the correct material – Study math, test psy???? Construct Validity –determine whether or not a common factor can be shown to exist underlying several measurements using different observable indicators – Older people score higher on IQ exams + your test proves this remarkable feat. Criterion validity –the behavior that a test is designed to predict – study Spanish I and I go to Mexico thinking I can communicate fluently... – The predictive V is very low because Spanish I does not groom fluently -speaking tourists. – i.e. SAT scores should show success in 1 st year of college.. Which Validity does this measure? CONSTRUCT

13. Are IQ Tests Valid & Reliable IQ scores lack stability in childhood, but are very reliable for teens/adult – But it is hard to assess IQ test validity because……. – Psychologists do not even agree on exactly what intell is. That is a big point IQ tests assess only a few hypothesized intellectual ACTIVITIES - SOOOOO what is good about them? What do they prove? – DO predict academic success and performance in the workplace. Norms have been established in a variety of settings!

14. Nature versus Nurture DO IQ SCORES MEASURE INNATE ABILITY? – Nature and nurture interact in affecting intell – Heredity + environment are often confounded. – Heredity strongly affects IQ scores. Identical twins (who share identical genes), even adopted from birth by separate families, have IQ scores correlated at r =.6. – Yet, correlations between IQ scores are higher if twins share the same home versus being raised apart. 3). IT HELPS TO HAVE AN “ENRICHED” ENVIRONMENT