1. MEASUREMENT

2. MeasurementThe assignment of numbers to observed phenomena according to certain rules. Rules of CorrespondenceDefines measurement in a given instance between the manifest observations and the numbers assigned. Measurement ErrorThe difference between the observable and the unobservable variables.

3. PLATONIC AND CLASSICAL TRUE SCORES Problematic There is a tendency for persons to overreport socially desirable behaviors and to underreport negative ones. The more socially undesirable one’s true standing, the more underreporting occurs.

4. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY RELIABILITYExtent to which the variance of an observed x is due to random sources. THEORETICAL VALIDITYIs a measure of how well an observed item correlates with some, latent, theoretical construct of interest. EMPIRICAL VALIDITYThe correlation between x and a second observed variable y.

5. RELIABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT MEASURES

6. TYPES OF RELIABILITY MEASURES OF STABILITY MEASURES OF EQUIVALENCE

7. MEASURES OF STABILITY Reliability evaluated by correlating a measure across time. Problems –Memory –Assumption that the errors of measurement are uncorrelated –True change cannot be distinguished from unreliability

8. MEASURES OF EQUIVALENCE Parallel items administered at the same point in time and correlated to estimate reliability. Split-half methods internal consistency

9. EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS The representation of n manifest variables by m unobserved latent variables Still remains useful

10. VALIDITY Indicates the degree to which an instrument measures the construct under investigation APA three types –criterion-related (empirical validity) –content –construct

11. CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY (EMPIRICAL VALIDITY) The correlation between a measurement and some criterion variable of interest. PREDICTIVE - an assessment of an individual’s future standing on a criterion variable and can be predicted from present standing on a measure. CONCURRENT - assessed by correlating a measure and a criterion of interest at the same point in time.

12. CONTENT VALIDITY The degree that one has representatively sampled from a domain of meaning.

13. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY A theoretical idea developed to explain and to organize some aspects of existing knowledge... It is a dimension understood or inferred from its network of interrelationships.

14. MULTITRAIT- MULTIMETHOD Convergent validity or triangulation discriminant validity

15. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS WITH UNOBSERVED VARIABLES Estimate the parameters linking the indicators or items to the underlying, latent factors. Estimate the parameters linking the unobserved variables to each other as well.