2. Collection of Research Data Li-Chi Chiang Hung Kuang Institute Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

3. Key Dimensions of Data Methods n Self-Report Methods n Observational Methods n Biophysiologic Measures

4. Self-report Methods n Unstructured self-reports –Completely unstructured interviews –Focused interviews –Focus group interviews –Life histories –Critical incidents technique –Diaries

5. Self-Report Methods n Structured self-Report Techniques –Question form n Closed-ended questions:fixed-alternative questions n Open-ended questions

6. Closed-ended question n Dichotomous question n Multiple-choice question n Cafeteria question n Rank-order question n Forced-choice question n Rating question

7. Observational methods n Unstructured v.s. Structured –Categories and Checklists –Rating scale:Location, action, duration, intensity n Time sampling v.s. event sampling

8. Biophysiologic measures n Vivo –Performed directly within on on living organism n Vitro –gathered from participants by extracting some biophysiologic material from them –Chemical measures –Microbiologic measures –Cytological or histology measures

9. Collection methods n On site –Hospital-based –School-based –Institution-based n community-based –Mail –Telephone interview –Home visit

10. Reliability n 研究工具的 – 一致性 – 穩定性 – 準確性 n 再測信度 (Correlation, ICC, Kappa) n 內在一致性 (Cronbach’s , KR-20) n 折半信度 (Spearman correlation, ICC) n 測試者一致性信度 (correlation, ICC, Kappa, Paired-t test)

11. 效度 n 內容效度 (content validity) –Expert validity –Face validity n 建構效度 (construct validity) –Factor analysis –Contrasted group comparison –Convergent/divergent validity n 效標關聯效度 (Criterion-related validity) –Concurrent –predictive

12. Data n Numerical data –continuous data –discrete data n categorical data –unordered data –ordered data

13. Descriptive statistic n Mean n Median n Standard deviation n Variance n inter-quartile range, IQR

14. Inferential statistic n T-test n ANOVA n Paired-t test n Correlation n Linear regression n Chi-Square test

15. Nonparameter statistics n Paired t test n Two-sample t-test n ANOVA n Wilcoxon signed rank test n Wilcoxon rank sum test n Kruskal-Wallace test