1. Australopithecus garhi, 2.5 m.y.a., Ethiopia Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed., p. 235 Introduction to Early Hominid s

2. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103

4. note climactic change including the “Ice Age”

5. The Pleistocene is frequently referred to as the “Ice Age”

6. John E. Pfeiffer, The Emergence of Man, 4 th ed. (NY: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 101. Miocene Pleistocene Plocene

7. Campbell – Loy, Humankind Emerging, 7 th ed., p. 327

9. http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040927/full/040927-16.html

12. Holocene Pleistocene

13. Australopithecines Homo habilis

14. Australopithecines... –including Paranthropus... (aka Australopithecus robustus) are also known as “Plio - Pleistocene hominids”

15. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103

16. Australopithecu s Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

17. Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens “Moderns”

18. Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Neandertals “Moderns”

19. Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Pleistocene

28. Wűrm glacial Riss glacial Mindel glacial Gűnz glacial

29. Wisconsin glacial Illinoian glacial Kansan glacial Nebraskan glacial North American Terms

30. Weischel glacial Saale glacial Elster glacial

39. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103

41. Early Hominids Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Paranthropus tugenensis ramidus anamensis afarensis africanus garhi aethiopicus boisei robustus Genus Species

42. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=0008EB7D-BC26-1138-BC2683414B7F0000

43. Video: Search for the First Human Week 07

44. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103 Plio-Pleistocene hominid = Australopithecus Orrorin

45. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103 Mio-Plio-Pleistocene hominid Plio-Pleistocene hominid = Australopithecus