1. Evolution Notes Biology

2. History of Evolution Important Scientists: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Thomas Malthus
Alfred Russel Wallace
Charles Darwin

3. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Zoologist, forerunner of evolution
INCORRECT theories:
Simple life forms continually come into existence from dead matter.
Life forms continually become more complex or more “perfect” as they transform into new species.

4. Examples:
Lamarck thought that giraffes evolved their long necks by each generation stretching further to get leaves in trees and that this change in body shape was then inherited.  Likewise, he believed that wading birds, such as herons and egrets, evolved their long legs by stretching them to remain dry. 

5. Lamarck also believed that creatures could develop new organs or change the structure and function of old ones as a result of their use or disuse.
CORRECT Theory:
3. Change in species is linked to an organism’s environment.

6. Thomas Malthus ( )
Realized that producing more offspring than can survive establishes competition among a species.
Populations grow as much as the environment allows.
Influenced Darwin & Wallace’s theory of natural selection and Survival of the fittest.

7. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
Came to same conclusions as Darwin during same time frame.
Co-published theory of natural selection/evolution with Darwin.

8. Who Was Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Label your paper :
Write 5 facts from the short video clip on Darwin…

9. Darwin made observations & collected data during his Voyage of the Beagle through South America and across the Pacific Ocean.
Spent much time on Galapagos Islands collecting information about species that inhabitated each island.
1859: Published the “Origin of Species”

10. Darwin’s Observations on Galapagos Islands:
Species resembled those of the nearby islands but had evolved differences
He called this descent with modification after separating from a common ancestor
Darwin’s Ideas:
Natural Selection states that a struggle for life exists causing individuals with favorable characteristics to survive while the other would become extinct (“Survival of the Fittest”)

11. Newsworthy Events 1925: John Scopes Trial
Teacher violates anti-evolution law in Tennessee by teaching evolution to students
2005: “Intelligent Design” mandatory to be taught in public schools

12. Darwin explained the theory of evolution by Natural Selection.
“Survival of the Fittest” means organisms that adapt to their environment survive, while organisms that do not adapt disappear.
Natural selection leads to adaptations within a population.

13. Types of Evolution
Microevolution- the change of allele frequencies within a population
Macroevolution- large-scale evolutionary changes : 5 patterns
l. Mass extinctions
2. Adaptive Radiation
3. Convergent Evolution
4. Coevolution
5. Punctuated Equilibrium (and gradualism)

14. Mass extinctions
More than 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct
Mass extinctions wiped out food webs & ecosystems
Example: Dinosaurs- asteroid but could have been many factors (volcanoes & continents drifting)

15. Adaptive Radiation
A species or group of species evolves into many new species

16. Convergent Evolution Unrelated organisms come to resemble one another
bird
fish
mammal

17. Central American Swollen-Thorn Acacias
Coevolution
2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
Acacia ants and acacia trees
Acacias are small, Central American trees in the Leguminosae. They have large, hollow thorns. The acacia ants live in the thorns. On the tips of its leaflets, the plant makes a substance used by the ants as food. The ants defend the tree from herbivores by attacking/stinging any animal that even accidentally brushes up against the plant. The ants also prune off seedlings of any other plants that sprout under “their” tree
Central American Swollen-Thorn Acacias

18. Punctuated Equilibrium
Rapid evolution after long periods of equilibrium (balance)
Why? Migration, mass extinctions, isolation
How does it appear that GRADUALISM is different?

19. Acacia ants and tree video
click here

20. Natural Selection Video
Label Paper: ( Page 42)
Genetic Variation a. b.
Overproduction of Offspring a.
Struggle for Existence a.
Differential Survival & Reproduction a.
Natural Selection Video
6 min 39 sec

21. Evidence for Evolution
The fossil record gave us:
Descent with modification
2. Homologous Structures
3. Transitional Fossils

22. Descent with Modification
All living organisms are related to one another- common descent
Speciation-new species can arise

23. Homologous Structures
structures in different species that may perform different functions but are similar in structure because of their common ancestry
Examples: bat wing,
whale flipper, cat claw,
Human hand

24. Vestigial Organs
structures of no apparent function to an organism; leftover from ancestry
Examples: snakes have leg & pelvis bones; whale rear limbs

25. Whale Evolution Video Label Paper Left Page # 1-5
5 min, 9 sec

26. Examples of Evolution
Antibiotic Resistance: natural selection has occurred within populations of bacteria
Mutations cause bacteria to change their structure…antibiotics cannot bind to cell surface
Acquiring new genes…bacteria have new enzymes that can deactivate or destroy antibiotic
Ex:Tuberculosis bacteria

27. Examples of Evolution
Darwin’s Finches: Natural selection has occurred in beak size

28. Examples of Evolution
Speciation: begins as a population adapts to its environment.

29. Biological Resistance
Antibiotic Resistance
Tremendous quantities of antibiotics are released and used in the environment daily.
Bacteria become resistant through:
Adaptations (natural selection)
Acquiring mutated genes that make them resistant.
**Evolution through natural selection can occur remarkably quickly when natural selection pressures are very strong and reproduction rates are very fast (some bacteria reproduce in minutes!)
What does this mean for us?
Antibiotics will be ineffective against bacterial diseases or infections.
The drug will not longer bind to the target therefore not killing off harmful bacteria.

30. Pesticide Resistance
The natural occurrence in which the ability of individuals in a population to survive a plant protection product treatment that would normally give effective control is passed on to future generations
Insects are among most adaptable organisms on Earth
For the past 400 million years they have managed to survive by adjusting to changes in their environment, so it should come as no surprise that they can also adapt to chemical pesticides.
Example: Colorado potato beetles on
Long Island, N.Y.

31. Why does Evolution Matter Now?
View the video and take notes on your notesheet.

32. Primate & Human Evolution
The fossil record has allowed scientists to study how humans have changed over time
Monkeys, apes and humans are classified as primates
Primates are mammals that have eyes that face forward, a well-developed cerebrum, and opposable thumbs that can be used for grasping
About 45 million years ago, primates divided into 2 main groups

33. Common Ancestors

34. New World VS Old World Monkeys
New world monkeys
Have a tail that can grasp like a hand and nostrils that open upward
Howler and spider monkeys
Old world monkeys
Cannot grasp with tails (if they have one) and nostrils that open downward
baboons

37. Evolution Apes Human ancestors Do not have tails
Gorillas and chimpanzees
Human ancestors
Appeared around 3 million years ago
Walked upright
Shorter than modern humans
Several groups evolved, but all became extinct

39. Early Humana-Like Forms
Early human-like forms
Australopithecus
Several different genii appeared
Ramapithecu
Homo habilis
First to use tools, “handy man”
Homo erectus
First to walk completely upright

42. Human Ancestors Two groups of homo sapiens have lived on Earth
Only one form is alive today
Homo sapiens means “thinking man”
Homo sapiens neandertalensis is better known as Neanderthal Man
Shorter than modern man
Thicker bones than modern man
Became extinct
The second Homo sapiens evolved into modern man

45. Current Event Homo floresiensis (The hobbit)
This much debated about hominid is a mini-human like organism that is believed to have lived with humans at one point.
Believed to be present about 18,000 years ago.
Only 40 inches tall!!