1. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 THE GOAL Producing an engineering oriented study of the EURISOL Facility and developing prototypes of the most critical parts of the facility itself. “Starting point: EURISOL RTD Recommendations” “Working method based on the botton-up process” 20 INSTITUTIONS FROM 15 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 20 CONTRIBUTORS WORLD-WIDE

2. IDENTITY CARD EC CONTRIBUTION: (k€)9161.9 - FTE 113,25 (p*y) EC CONTRIBUTION: (k€) 9161.9 - FTE 113,25 (p*y) TASKS: 1+11 TASKS: 1+11 (MANAGEMENT + FOUR TOPIC AREAS) PARTICIPANTS: 20 (15 countries involved) GANIL (F), CNRS/IN2P3 (F), INFN (I), CERN (UE), UCL (B), CEA (F), NIPNE (RO), JYU (FI), LMU (G), FZJ (G), FI (LT), UW (PL), SAS (SK), U- LIVERPOOL (UK), GSI (G), USDC (E), CCLRC (UK), PSI (CH), IPUL (LV), SU MSL (SE) PROJECT ESTIMATED TOTAL EFFORTS: (k€) 32.284,3 - FTE 490,45 ( p*y) DURATION OF THE PROJECT: 48 MONTHS STARTING DATE: FEBRUARY 1st, 2005 COORDINATING INSTITUTION: GANIL (F) CONTRIBUTORS: 20 (12 countries involved from Europe, Asia and North America) U-FRANKFURT (G), BUDKER (RU),VNIIFT (RU), PNPI (RU), ORNL (USA), ANL (USA), KAERI (SKR), TRIUMF (CA),JAERI (JP), SOREQ (IL), U-MAINZ (G), VINCA (YU), KVI (NL), U-SURREY (UK), U-YORK (UK), U-PAISLEY (UK), U-UPPSALA (SE), NSCL (USA), FNAL (USA), HUG (CH) Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006

3. some M€ tens of M€ ~100 M€ ~600 M€ - 950 M€ EXCYT,TRIUMF, GANIL ORNL,REX ISOLDE, LOUVAIN LA NEUVE UPGRADING THERE IS STILL A ROLE FOR THE EUROPEAN NATIONAL LABS FAIR 2012-2013 few kW 2003 10-20 kW 2005-8 100kW 2010- 2015 YES up to 5 MW after 2015 ~10 5 p/s ~10 7 p/s ~10 8,9 p/s ~pnA ? NETWORKING of complementary facilities (SPES, SPIRALII, MAFF, HIE-ISOLDE) tens 7/2006 We stand here RIBF-Riken

4. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006

5. The Beta-Beam Concept Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006

6. 4 TOPIC AREAS EURISOL DS MANAGEMENT (GANIL/INFN-LNL/CNRS-IN2P3/CERN) 1 Targets and ion sources (Synergies with neutron spallation sources and neutrino facilities) –Multi-MW target station : liquid- mercury converter (CERN) –Direct target : Several target-ion source systems (CERN,INFN-LNL) –Fission target : UC x target optimization (INFN-LNL, INFN-LNS) 2 Accelerators (Synergies with HIPPI (CARE)) –Proton accelerator design: the driver (INFN-LNL): –Heavy ion accelerator design: the post accelerator (GANIL,INFN-LNL) –SC cavity development: cavity prototypes and multipurpose cryomodule (CNRS- IN2P3/IPNO,INFN-LNL) 3 Physics, yields, safety and radioprotection (Synergies with EURONS) –Physics and instrumentation: conceptual design of novel instruments (U-LIVERPOOL,INFN-Pi,INFN-Na) –Beam intensity calculations: yield optimization of RIB species (GSI) –Safety and radioprotection: radiation fields, activation, shielding, handling, storage, conformity to legislation (CEA) 4 Beta-Beams Aspects (Synergies with BENE (CARE), EURONS) –Beam preparation : breeders, 60 GHz ECR source (JYV,INFN-Ba) –Beta-beam aspects: conceptual design report of the Beta-Beam facility. It includes preliminary studies on modifications of CERN accelerators in case the facility is sited at CERN ( CERN) Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006

7. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 1Gev proton beam from a linac driver with extended capabilities to accelerate d, 3 He 2+, H -, A/q≤2 Postaccelerator 1 Postaccelerator 2 Postaccelerator 3 Schematic layout of the multi-target area

8. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 few n-rich (Zt-Z)~2-3 p-rich (Zt-Z) up to 5-6 Zt-Z up to 15 Standard in target production method 1GeV-100kW p on direct target

9. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 78 Ni 132 Sn Standard in target production method 1GeV-100kW p on U- target

10. Design Study G. Fortuna, Athens 2006 78 Ni 132 Sn Standard in target production method 1GeV-4MW p on liquid Hg-converter

11. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 78 Ni

12. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 TEST CASES FOR 100kW DIRECT TARGETS 1-Targets -Actinide Targets (Carbide) SiC,UC 2 +C, THC 2 +C W-converter, Moderator&Reflector -Metal Foil target (solid) Ta, Nb -Oxide powder of Fiber BeO+converter Insulating materials at low de/dx -Molten metals(liquid) Vapor condensation 2-Ion-Sources, Effusion -Mono-ECR -RILIS, Surface -FEBIAD 3-Elements Fr,Hg,Sn,Ar, Lanthanides,Be,Ne,He,Hg Nupecc (Be, Ar, Ni, Ga, Kr, Sn, Fr ) SPIN OFF for: -Similar target materials -Elements from the same chemical group Synergy with β-beams He 6, Ne 18 EFFORTS New Target Materials Irradiation@LISOR-TARPIPE Effusion-BETmethod Solid converter Ion-source FEBIAD

13. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 How to make use of 100 kW beam power? several single target units have to be connected to a common ion source each target unit fed in time sharing mode to limit beam power to 25 kW Tantalum-foil Target for Alkali Metals and Rare Earth Elements and Rare Earth Elements STRATEGY - based on RIST [2] principle 1.< 25 µm thick Ta-foils, 2. conic hole in the center 3.radiative cooling dissipation up to 25 kW (=: Pmax) for one single target unit

14. Design Study G. Fortuna, Athens 2006 - Upper value for the vapor pressure:10-6 torr - Maximum operating temperature: 1650°C - Maximum dissipated power: ~5kW - Lifetime: 2-3 months (ca 50% protons for EURISOL) TRIUMF SiC targets SiC targets: 1/5 EURISOL objective objective

15. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 Activities for β-beam Strategy to get10 13 /s 18 Ne and 6 He into ion source Strategy to get 10 13 /s 18 Ne and 6 He into ion source Different schemes of production for 18 Ne(1/20) Dual solid converter/BeO target for 6 He (Be (n,α) 6 He, ok!) Dual solid converter/UCx target for fission fragments Conceptual design of the dual converter of the dual converterBeO-target

16. Design Study RTD Schematic Layout of Multi-MW Target Station Upgrading stage of MMT!

17. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 Confined Hg-jet or Compact Hg-loop Hg-loop Window or Window-less 1. Engineering study ( thermal hydraulics, fluid dynamics, materials, window or window-free). 2. Innovative waste management in the liquid Hg-loop( Hg distillation.) 3. Engineering design and construction of a functional Hg-loop. 4. Off-line testing (validation) of the thermal hydraulics and fluid dynamics. 5.Proposal for in-beam test in collaboration with other Hg target users. 6. Engineering design of the target station and its handling method MULTI-MW TARGET STATION reflector UCx/BeOtarget Hg-target 30cm 73cm p Hg Target Reflector Target container UCx/BeO Target Protons 68 cm 16 cm BLD IS

18. POWER DENSITY

19. MMW Hg Target Configuration Reasonable charged particle confinement and power densities. High neutron fluxes in the fission target, confined within the assembly. Large fission rate densities (twice larger than for BLD). Proven design (SNS and ESS), technically simpler concept. Protons Reflector Hg Jet UCx/BeO Target 40 cm 4 cm Hg-jet: Very large high-energy proton escapes: Radioprotection issues, charged particle contamination in the fission target. Higher and harder neutron spectrum: enhanced fission densities (4 times larger). Technical difficulties to implement. High demanding R&D programme is needed Hg Target Reflector Target container UCx/BeO Target Protons 68 cm 16 cm IS Hg-jet

20. Hg Target Reflector Target container UCx/BeO Target Protons 68 cm 16 cm 4 cm 1 litre target 1 litre target U nat C 3 3 gcm -3 3 kg Average circ.> 1 m Neutron flux 4 x 10 14 n/s/cm 2 Plutonium15 g (60 days) 1 litre 20 x 20 x 3 cm Fissions: 2 x 10 11 f/cm 3 /s/MW ~10 15 f/s Power density:30 kW/litre 7.5 W/cm 3 /MW 25.4 litre total volume

21. Significantly harder spectrum for the Hg-J, with a peak neutron energy between 1 − 2 MeV, compared to 300 keV for BLD and 700 keV for IS Very low fission cross-section in 238 U below 2 MeV (~10 -4 barns). Optimum energy: 35 MeV Use of natural uranium:  f in 235 U (0.7% wt.): at least 2 barns Further gain if neutron flux is reflected (e.g. BeO) Neutron Energy Spectrum vs Fission Cross-Section in Uranium

22. G. Fortuna, Krakow 2006

23. BeO(Φ=15mm UCx(Φ=15 mm Graphite(1mm) W container(1mm) Ta Resistance (0.5mm) W Triple Thermal Sheet (150 µm total) Engineering Design of the Multi-MW Target Station

24. Proposed transverse liquid film model of the MMW Hg-target (windowless) TASK #2 – Multi-MW Target

25. BeO(Φ=15mm Ta Resistance (0.5mm) W Triple Thermal Sheet (150 µm total) W container(1mm) Graphite(1mm) UCx(Φ=15 mm Engineering Design of the Multi-MW Target Station

26. General constraints Operation mode –CW (preferable), or pulsed, min 50 Hz, min. pulse length 1 ms –continuously adjustable beam current –Multi-user operation beams –P, 1 GeV, 5 mA – 3 He, 2 GeV, 2.5 mA –D (1  A/q  2), 200 MeV, 5 mA extraction lines –@1 GeV: 1  4 MW 3  100 kW –@ 200 MeV:1  1 MW –@ 2 GeV:1  4 MW beam size at the target σ< 1 cmn converter σ< 3 cmdirect target Maximum losses: 1 W/m blue =Base-line Design green =Strongly recommended extended capabilities Design Study

27. . H- H+,D+, 3 He ++ RFQ 176 MHz HWR 176 MHz 3-SPOKE 352 MHz Elliptical 704 MHz 4 MW H- 100 kW H+, 3 He 2+ 1.5 MeV/u 60 MeV/q 140 MeV/q 1 GeV/q B stripper foil stripper >200 MeV/q D, A/q=2  =0.047  =0.03  =0.09  =0.15  =0.65  =0.78 10 36316397 Switching magnet H+ RFQ 176 MHz HWR 176 MHz 3-SPOKE 352 MHz Elliptical 704 MHz 4 MW H+ 100 kW H+ 1.5 MeV/u 40 MeV/q 100 MeV/q 1 GeV/q  =0.047  =0.034  =0.09  =0.15  =0.65  =0.78 7 23265295 OLD/NEW LAYOUT OLD NEW

28. High energy beam splitters magnetic stripping at 1 GeV of a small part of the H - beam to H 0 bending of H - with a magnetic dipole stripping of H 0 to H + by means of a stripper foil H - to target 1 and H + to target 2(3,4). The spilled beam intensity can be controlled by adjusting the field strength of the magnetic stripper. Design Study

29. 1 GeV Extraction possible scheme MMWS 4 MW H- 1 GeV/q B stripper 1 foil stripper 1 3 He 2+ at 2 GeV 100 kW DT1-100 kW H+ DT2-100 kW H+ DT3-100 kW H+ 3 splitting stations 4 simultaneous target station 1 target station for 2 GeV, 3 He ++ B stripper 2 B stripper 3 foil Stripper 2 foil Stripper 3  Advantages  Exists in LANCE.  CW – no thermal shocks.  Simple to control.  No disposable parts.  Drawbacks  Low intensity beam  emittance growth. H- Design Study

30. G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 DRIVER R&D HWR SPOKE 3-SPOKE HP-COUPLER RF-Amplifier TEST-Cryostat

31. NEW DRIVER LAYOUT We have compared different scenarios for the EURISOL Driver, and checked feasibility, performance and cost We found that the approximate length of a 5 mA cw, 1 GeV proton linac would be ~200 m and its approximate cost ~200 M€ We found also that including: 280 MeV A/q=2 and 2 GeV 3 He beams would increase length and cost of the driver by only ~16%, without major modifications of the linac structure The possibility of using the 1GeV proton beam in 2 or more extraction lines in parallel appears to be feasible with an extra cost of about 3 % The new baseline design includes all the “desirable” features

32. RIB POSTACCELERATION MULTI-USER CAPABILITIES : target – ion sources -two units operational at any given time, with the additional possibility of multiple ion sources coupled to the MMW target running simultaneously. beam preparation lines at last 2 lines (pre-separator, cooler, high resolution mass separator and charge breeder) for simultaneous availability of different radionuclides for multiple users. post-accelerators 1- Very Low Energy accelerator (< 1 MeV/u) for astrophysics and solid state physics applications, 2- Linac for processes near the Coulomb barrier (1 - ~ 6 MeV /u) 3- High energy linac, maximum energy of 150 MeV/u for 132Sn with beam branches feeding separate experimental halls at different energy range. For normal use, no stripping foils because of safety, beam loss, and beam quality considerations. Stripper option only for short-lived or high energy heavy RIBs. β-BEAM INJECTOR The beta-beam injector (100 MeV/u for 6He and 18Ne) should deliver very high instantaneous beam currents and necessitates a dedicate machine.

33. Post-acceleration scheme(old) (NEW) Design Study

34. PHYSICS & INSTRUMENTATION TASK Design Study Incubator of a “EUROPEAN ISOL USER GROUP” triggering a number of initiatives like 1- the implementation of a “ user data base”, 2- the promotion of a session of the next Town Meeting fully dedicated to the present organization of user groups at the existing facilities and to the evolution of such organization in view of the so-called “EURISOL-phaseI” (Realisation of SPIRALII, SPES, HIE-ISOLDE,MAFF) and EURISOL. G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 PRIMARY GOAL: MANTAIN AND REINFORCE THE LINKS BETWEEN FACILITY DESIGNERS AND USER COMMUNITY 1-Select a number of “key Experiments” and identify, for them, the conceptual best detection system. 2-For such detection systems, start from the present status of the art technologies and produce an “open” CDR where novel ideas along with advancing technologies could be easly incorporated. (Compilation of Specimen Experiments) ACTIONS

35. BEAM INTENSITY CALCULATION Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 PRIMARY GOAL: BEST ESTIMATE OF THE YIELD OF THE ISOTOPES OF INTEREST THROUGH IMPROVED AND REALISTIC MODELS EXTENSIVELY VALIDATED WITH AD-HOC EXPERIMENTAL DATA ( mainly inverse kinematics reactions at 1 GeV*A) Working packages 1-heavy ion requirement for driver accelerator 1-heavy ion requirement for driver accelerator (target gaps, 3 He 2+, A/q=2 beams) 2-Fragmentation of post-accelerated ISOL beams (very n-rich RIBs, post-acc-Emax) 3-Fission Models 4-Spallation and Fragmentation Reactions ( 238 U(1*A GeV) + 1 H, 2 H,Pb, 136 Xe+ 1 H, 2 H, Pb, 208 Pb(1AGeV)+Be, 238 U(1*A GeV)+Be) 136 Xe+ 1 H, 2 H, Pb, 208 Pb(1AGeV)+Be, 238 U(1*A GeV)+Be) 5-Aspects of secondary reactions (secondary reaction aspects in thick targets) 6-n/p induced reactions up to Fermi-energy ( 232 Th(p,f), 238 U(p,f), 238 U, 232 Th(d,pf), Penning trap method for isotope id) Penning trap method for isotope id) 7-predictions of secondary beam intensity ( starting fromTARGISOL data base, parametrisation of release efficiency for different isotopes in different material)

36. The Beta-Beam Concept ( Baseline parameters fixed in 2005 ) Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 For all machines:For all machines: technical design issues under study (RF, Vacuum requirements, magnet design) technical design issues under study (RF, Vacuum requirements, magnet design) Search for technical solutions to improve the vacuum situation in PS( dynamicSearch for technical solutions to improve the vacuum situation in PS( dynamic vacuum effects bring the vacuum to unacceptable levels :over 10 -5 Pa) vacuum effects bring the vacuum to unacceptable levels :over 10 -5 Pa) Collimation in the decay ring (Optics design, energy deposition per cycle 1MJ, 200Amps of peak current...)Collimation in the decay ring (Optics design, energy deposition per cycle 1MJ, 200Amps of peak current...) 18Ne shortfall (1order of magnitude) Feedback on expectations for ion production and beam preparation production and beam preparation Design (LE-accumulation) a first order layout of a dedicated order layout of a dedicated post accelerator should be initiated post accelerator should be initiated For the further progress of RCSFor the further progress of RCS shortly shortly.

37. Design Study G. Fortuna, RNB7 Cortina 2006 1.EURISOL Design Study should foster the organization of a Users Group of European RNB Facilities. 2.EURISOL Design Study should implement modern project and document management tools and procedures, at all levels in the project. 3.The study of the possibility of accelerating negative hydrogen ions, which would allow both real CW-operation on all targets simultaneously and independent intensity control for the targets should be explored. 4.The anticipated gain in performance of EURISOL by the heavy ion capability of the driver linac and the technical and financial consequences of this capability should be assessed shortly to support the decision making on the driver linac specifications. 5.The initiatives to study various options for the production of 6He and 18Ne are encouraged. 6.The scientific relevance and experiment specifications of the proposed secondary fragmentation should be studied promptly. 7.The advantage of using target materials other than 238 U should be assessed. IAP FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CW versus pulsed operation Multi-user scheme HI-capabilities