1. Waves

2. The Nature of Waves Wave is a traveling disturbance.
Wave carries energy from place to place.
There are two basic types of waves:
Transverse and longitudinal waves.

3. Transverse waves
A transverse wave is one in which the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave.
Examples: Light wave, waves on a guitar string.

4. Longitudinal Waves
Longitudinal wave is one in which the disturbance is parallel to the line of travel of the wave.
Example: Sound wave in air is a longitudinal wave.

5. Water Waves
Water waves are partly transverse and longitudinal.

6. Periodic Waves
Periodic waves are waves that repeat.

7. Amplitude, Wavelength, and Period
The amplitude, A is the maximum disturbance.
The wavelength, λ  is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave.
The period, T is the time required for one complete up/down cycle of the wave.

8. Frequency
Frequency is the number of waves per unit time.

9. Wave Speed

10. Quiz

11. The Nature of Sound Longitudinal Sound Waves
Sound in air is a longitudinal wave that is created by a vibrating object, such as a guitar string, the human vocal cords, or the diaphragm of a loudspeaker.

12. Sound cannot propagate in a vacuum

13. How do we hear?

14. Wave Picture

15. The Frequency of a Sound Wave
Audible Range: 20 Hz ,000 Hz.
Infrasonic waves: Sound waves with frequencies < 20 Hz.
Rhinoceroses use infrasonic frequencies as low as 5 Hz to call one another
Ultrasonic waves: Sound waves with frequencies > 20,000 Hz.
Bats use ultrasonic frequencies up to 100 kHz for locating their food sources and navigating.

16. The Speed of Sound

17. Radio Waves FM vs AM: What's the difference?
AM: The amplitude of the signal is varied to incorporate the sound information. Frequencies are in kHz.
FM: The frequency of the carrier signal is varied to incorporate the sound information. Frequencies are in MHz.

18. FM vs AM Advantages and Disadvantages
FM signals are not affected by static.
With an FM broadcast, slight changes in amplitude don't matter -- since the audio signal is conveyed through changes in frequency, the FM receiver can just ignore changes in amplitude.
AM carrier waves have much longer wavelengths than FM carrier waves, and as a result, they can bend around obstacles like mountains and buildings better than FM waves and can travel greater distances before the signal fades.

19. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

20. Constructive Interference of Sound Waves
Wavelength = λ = 1 m
Path difference = 0

21. Destructive Interference
Wavelength = λ = 1 m
Path difference = λ/2= 0.5 m

22. Noise-canceling headphones utilize destructive interference

23. Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending of a wave around an obstacle or the edges of an opening.

24. Diffraction of Sound

25. Reflection of Light The law of reflection:
The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection.

26. Refraction of Light

27. Refraction and Speed of the Wave

28. Law of Refraction

29. The Doppler Effect
Effect on frequency or pitch due to relative motion between the source of sound and observer/listener.

30. Doppler Effect