1. You are… just a bunch of CELLS LECTURE 04 – Cell Theory, Structure, Etc. CH 4 Cell Theory & Inside the Cell Spring 2013 - Althoff Reference: Mader & Windelspecht Ch. 4) Lec 04

2. ___________ – unifying concept in Biology First proposed by biologists _________ and __________ in 1838-1839. ______ to the theory: 1) ______________ are composed of cells 2) All cells come from ____________ cells 3) The cell is the ____________ of life

3. Cell Size All size much ____________________ across Some cells as small as 1 micrometer (mm) Size restricted by ______________________________ 1) Surface is membrane, across which cells takes in nutrients and exports waste 2) Volume is living cytoplasm, which demands nutrients and produces wastes 3) As cell grows, volume increases faster than surface 4) Cells specialized in absorption modified to greatly increase surface area per unit volume

4. Surface-to-Volume Ratio Total Surface Area96 cm 2 192 cm 2 384 cm 2 Total Volume64 cm 3 64 cm 3 64 cm 3 S/V Ratio1.5 : 1 3 : 1 6 : 1

5. ________________ Cells: CHARACTERISTICS Lack a membrane bound nucleus Structurally simple: Domain Bacteria3 shapes:bacillus (rod) coccus (spherical) spirilla (spiral) Domain Archaea3 shapes above plus lobed, plate-like, and irregular shaped (live in extreme environments)

6. Prokaryotic Cells: CHARACTERISTICS (Mader p66 Fig. 4.4) CONJUGATION PILUS FIMBRIAE FLAGELLUM INCLUSION BODY MESOSOME RIBOSOME NUCLEOID PLASMA MEMBRANE CELL WALL GLYCOCALYX

7. GLYCOCALYX – gel-like coating outside cell wall. If compact = ________. If diffuse = ________. Layer of _______________. Outside cell wall CELL WALL - _____________________ PLASMA MEMBRANE -__________ entrance and exit of ______________ Prokaryotic Cells : CELL ENVELOPE

8. CYTOPLASMA– _________________. Contains inclusion bodies (stored granules of various substance) FLAGELLUM(A) – ____________________ present in some bacteria, pushes cell forward FIMBRIAE – hair-like bristles that allow _________ to surfaces CONJUGATION PILI(US) – hollow appendages used for _________________ bacterial cells Prokaryotic Cells : CYTOPLASMA & APPENDAGES APPENDAGES

9. RIBOSOMES – protein ___________ MESOSOMEs– portion of plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasma… __________________ INCLUSION BODY – ____________ compartments for nutrients NUCLEOID – houses bacterial ______________ THYLAKOIDS – found in cyanobacteria (bacteria that can photosynthesize). Internal membranes that ____________________ Prokaryotic Cells : other “parts”

10. ______________ Cells: CHARACTERISTICS “3 rd domain”. Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia _____________________ nucleus Highly ______________ organelles Plasma __________________________________ into and out of cytoplasma Plantae (i.e., plants)– have cell walls (different composition than bacteria cell walls)

11. Characteristics of Cells—in general In ____________ organisms, can—for a short period of time—remove cells from the organisms, provide the cells with food, and they can live independently for a short period of time They ________ their food and __________ They make __________________ ATP They get ____ of their own _________ Have “______________” required for life.

12. Eukaryotic Cells: ORGANELLES Eukaryotic cells _______ than prokaryotic cells…result is different S/V ratio. Overcome this by having ________that have ___________ and perform specific functions Compartmentalization allows for isolated “___________”  Organelles that ________________ with each other through membrane channels or vesicles  ___________ organelles: _______________________ TWO CLASSES OF ORGANELLES

13. CYTOSKELETON Eukarya: ANIMAL CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE LYSOSOME MITOCHONDRION ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Rough ER Smooth ER RIBOSOMES NUCLEUS VESICLE GOLGI APPARATUS (Mader p68 Fig. 4.6) CYTOPLASMA

14. RIBOSOMES Eukarya PLANT CELL NUCLEUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Rough ER Smooth ER CELL WALL GOLGI APPARATUS CYTOPLASMA PLASMA MEMBRANE MITOCHONDRION GRANUM stacked in CHLOROPLAS T CENTRAL VACUOLE (Mader p69 Fig. 4.7)

15. CYTOPLASMA Cell is ____ an empty sac ________ inside cell Composition tightly regulated. Consists of: _________________ ______(think H +, Cl -, Na -, etc.) ________ (including enzymes)etc. ___________ than composition of liquid outside cell _________________ responsible for __________ cytosol composition

16. ORGANELLES defined NUCLEUS --________________–regulates all functions Chromatin (contains ….._____________) Nucleolus produces _____________ Ribosomes (some here) CYTOSKELETON_____________& assist with ____________ of cell parts Microtubules __________ of protein molecules Intermediate filaments____________ Actin filaments ____________ of cell & organelles Centrioles there…but still not sure of function… not in plant cells

17. ORGANELLES defined ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM --________________, _________________ with two major areas: Rough ERhas ribosomes (_______ synthesis here) Smooth ER no ribosomes (_______ synthesis here) “the __________________” of the cell (Mader p72 Fig. 4.10)

18. ORGANELLES defined GOLGI APPARTUS – “the ____________________ department” LYSOSOMES – “the _________________ center” MITOCHRONDRIA--“the __________________” VESICLES—”_________________________” CENTRAL VACUOLE (plants)—”________________& ________________ maintenance” PEROXISOMES (plants)– “enclose enzymes, in plants they __________________________that can be converted to sugars”

19. Original Prokaryotic cell Cell gains an nucleus by the plasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a double membrane Cell gains an endomembrane system by proliferation of membrane Cell gains mitochondria (“captures” aerobic bacteria) Cell gains chloroplasts (plant cells only) Eukaryotic: Animal cell Eukaryotic: Plant cell 2 3 4 1 Current hypothesis for origin of organelles How did we get from PRO- to EUKARYOTIC cells? DNA

20. ENERGY-RELATED Organelles Use ____________ to make carbohydrates – a chemical energy conversions _______________ have chloroplasts (but _________________ can also carry on photosynthesis) Contain _____________ Type of plastid—bounded by double membrane Thylakoids  Granum Have their “______” DNA __________________ to produce _____ molecules—the energy currency for cells Up to a 1,000 in a single cell (ex. liver) Usually ______ within the cells ________ energy is burned Two key areas: cristae very ___________ (inner membrane), high S/V ratio matrix: mitochrondrial _______________ CHLOROPLASTSMITOCHRONDRIA

21. (Mader p76 Fig. 4.16) CHLOROPLASTS THYLAKOIDS Stacked = GRANUM

22. (Mader p77 Fig. 4.17) CRISTAE MITOCHRONDRIA MATRIX

23. CYTOSKELETON – a closer look Lots of protein components—actually add structure/organization to cytoplasm Contains actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules…that enables cell to retain shape AND move. Equivalent to human organism’s muscular and skeleton system at the cell level Mader p78

24. CYTOSKELETON – Component functions ________ FILAMENTS —movement of cell and organelles _______________ FILAMENTS—”rope-like” fibrous polypeptides. Suspend/support various structures, organelles ____________—globular proteins called tubulin. Assist in the movement of vesicles, other organelles. Mader p78-79

25. Centrioles ________ cylinders with 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules (vs. 9 + 2 pattern in cilia and flagella) Important during __________ when centroiles duplicate Mader p80, Fig. 4.19

26. CILIA & FLAGELLA (FLAGELLUM sing.) __________ projections Move in whip-like or oar-like action ________ ___________________ Paramecia –______ Sperm--________ Upper respiratory tract— ___________ 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules Mader p81, Fig. 4.20

27. Know Differences/Similarities of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells (animal and plant) Cell wall ? Plasma membrane? Nucleus or just nuclear material? Endoplasmic reticulum? Golgi apparatus? Lysosomes? Mitochondria? Chloroplasts? 9+ 2 cilia or flagella? Centrioles ? Which are smaller? 1 -20 mm vs. 10 -100 mm? Consult Mader p82, Table 4.1