1. Current Measurement Paradigm Pathway to the Vision Aqua Aqua Instruments AIRS - Atmospheric Infrared Sounder AMSU - Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit AMSR - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer CERES - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System HSB - Humidity Sounder for Brazil MODIS - Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aura Instruments HIRDLS — High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder MLS — Microwave Limb Sounder OMI — Ozone Monitoring Instrument TES — Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer The current paradigm for space-based remote sensing relies upon frequency-specific measurements in pre-defined orbits with fixed or narrowly variable detection ranges. The suites of Earth observing instruments currently deployed or planned for deployment within the next three years typify this approach. Aura TES - Makes ozone measurement in cloud free regions MODIS - Determines the location of clouds 15 minutes

2. Sensor constellation with multiple vantage points provides: –Continuous viewing –Ability to autonomously detect an event –Ability to characterize phenomena and inform appropriate organizations Landsat heritage image Agile imaging platforms with full spectrometers Atmospheric constituents & chemistry Advanced Sensors and the Sensorweb Energy balance Active lidars with imagers and spectrometers

3. Motivation Programmatic Limiters to the Vision Length of time to plan, development and deploy space-based instruments for periodic focused measurements The result: A decade may pass between the theoretical identification of a phenomenon and the deployment of a space-based asset limits measurement continuity and applicability Limited budgets preclude continually launching unique instruments targeted toward specific measurement needs The result: Instrument designs are targeted to specific measurements and consequently once deployed cannot accommodate new scientific findings

4. Future remote sensing instruments may need to employ large numbers of frequency-agile instruments capable of multi-scene observations. Real-time, autonomous adaptive sensing and taskability will be critical. Advanced capabilities will include: – Miniaturized observatories – Robust, compact instrument architectures – Miniaturized/programmable components – Aperture synthesis – Deployable apertures – Low cost production Technology Enablers to the Vision Key Characteristics

5. Science Areas Addressed: –Long range weather prediction –Climate prediction –Biosphere & land process change –Global air & water quality –Natural hazards –Efficient management of natural resources Technology Investment Areas: –Detectors –Ultra-Large Antennas & Telescopes –Lidars –Microwave Sensing Investment Areas and Enablers

6. Leverage Opportunities Partnerships Level of partnering from outside NASA Detectors –Uncooled and Passively Cooled Detectors High –Frequency Agile Detectors Low Lidar Systems –Doppler Winds (Coherent and Direct Detection) Low –Microlaser Altimetry Low –Atmospheric Chemistry, Clouds/Aerosols Medium Microwave Sensing Medium-High Ultra-Large Antennas and Telescopes Medium Data Processing and Storage High Typical Partners: Department of Defense Department of Energy NOAANASA’s Space Science Enterprise Other U. S. Government LabsAcademia & Industry

7. Passively Cooled Thermal IR Detectors Now 20052010 Array Size 2020 256 x 256 100K 1 K x 1 K 120K 2 K x 2 K 130K 16 K x 16 K 150K Key Technologies –Advances current HgCdTe arrays –Ultimately using GaAS QWIP out to 20- microns –Quantum efficiency greater than 20% Payoff –Less dependence on cooling –Higher efficiency can mean lower power requirements for active systems

8. Frequency Agile Detectors Using Non- Linear Optics Now20102020 Sub-mm Accessible Spectral Region SWIR Thermal Infrared UV Key Technologies –High-performance Si FPAs over broad spectral range (UV-FIR) Payoff –Eliminates cryogenic cooling –Enables programmable and ultimately “universal” sensors

9. Now20072015 Increasing Capability 1J @ 355nm 3m telescope 35% eff. det. holographic scan 3J @ 355 nm 10m telescope 50% eff. det. Doppler Winds (Direct Detection) 500mJ, 10Hz.5 m optics NPOESS 1J, 12.5 Hz 0.75 - 1m optics Doppler Winds (Coherent Detection) ICESAT 100mJ, 40Hz 0.8m optics x2 lifetime >efficiency <mass, cost Laser Altimetry 0.1 - 0.5 m ht. res. VCL <1m ht. res. Atmospheric Chemistry, Clouds/Aerosols PICASSO-CENA clouds & aerosols H/V res. 250m/30m UV DIAL O 3 & trace gases CO 2 Multi-kHz microlaser altimeter ~cm 3D res. Scanning H 2 O DIAL Lidar Systems Roadmap 300mJ @ 355nm 1m telescope 25% eff. det.

10. Microwave Sensing Now20072015 Measurement Capability EOS MLS GEO SAMS Demo P-Band SAR Array MLS Geo Synthetic Aperture Sounding Compact Sounder For Constellations Cloud Radar Hi-Res Precip. Radar Sea Surface Wind Radiometer Scanning Cloud / Precip. Radars Multi- Frequency SAR Interferometry Soil Moisture/ Sea Surface Salinity Radiometer Key Technologies –MMIC low-noise submm amps –Low-noise mixers/arrays –THz mixers and LO’s –Compact, efficient transmitter devices, P- to W- band –High throughput digital processing Payoff –New capabilities –Increased profiling sensitivity with improved spatial sampling –Reduced mass and power –Reduced launch costs –Improved global coverage

11. Now Array Area (m 2 ) 2020 2010 100000 10 Areal Density (kg/m 2 ) 1 100 Optical Telescopes RF Antennas 100 1000 10000 10.1.01 Multifunction Membrane Structures Adaptive Membrane Optics 50m High Resolution Imager GEO High Resolution Thermal Imager Deployable Segmented Telescopes LEO Synthetic Aperture Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Winds LEO Synthetic Aperture Sea Surface Salinity 300m GEO Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Soil Moisture and Sea Sea Surface Winds InflatableAntennas Ultra-Large Antennas and Telescopes Key Technologies –Inflatable Structures –Deployable Structures –Multifunctional Structures –Adaptive Control Systems –Membrane Optics and Large Deformable Mirrors Payoff –Enables low cost, lightweight sensor web nodes –Enables large diameter instrument front ends –Enables high spatial resolution science

12. 20052010201520202025 1 Pb Storage Capacity 100 Tb 1 Tb 1T 10M 1M Number of Gates Reconfigurable computing Pix Miniaturized, 3D packaging 2 Gb stacks Low power, mass, volume $1K/Gb RAM-FPGA farm Basic onboard processing and data compression Pre-defined formats/protocols COTS/DMBS Direct delivery to user Improved manufacturing/ packaging process $5K/Tb RAM-FPGA farm Advanced onboard processing; algorithm uploads User selectable formats Direct delivery to user Holographic; photorefractive Distributed RAM- FPGA Interoperable processing among spacecraft and DBs Direct delivery to user Bio Computing Data Processing & Storage

14. Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds Coherent Detection Tech Demo in Space Now 20072012 Instrument Capability Science Val 500mJ, 10Hz 50 cm telescope Diffractive optics scanning NPOESS 1 J @ 2 um.75 to 1 meter telescope Diffractive optics or lightweight telescope 100mJ @ 2 um 25 cm telescope Payoff –Add ~1 day (average) to weather predictability (2 days in southern hemisphere) –Better global climate analyses for diagnostics (El Nino, etc)

15. Now 20072015 Relative Capability 1000 30 1 300 mJ @ 355 1 m ø telescope 25% eff det 1 J @ 355 3 m ø telescope 35% eff det Holographic scanning 3 J @ 355 10 m ø telescope 50% eff det Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds Direct Detection Payoff –Improved weather forecast –Better understanding of long- and short-term climate

16. Lidar Technologies -Altimetry Now 20052010 Instrument Capability 10 kHz Spaceborne Free Flyer (550 km) 4 kHz Shuttle Demo (300 km) 10 kHz Aircraft Demo (12 km) Key Technologies –Multikilohertz laser transmitter (4 mJ @ 10 kHz) –Photon-counting imaging/ ranging microchannel plate photomultiplier Payoff –Two orders of magnitude better spatial resolution and coverage –Less prone to optical damage and improved eye safety Applications –Surface topography (Land, Ice, Oceans) –Tree canopy heights (Biomass) –Cloud heights (Radiation Balance) –Sea level