1. Emotion

2. Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
Where do emotions come from? Why do we have them? What are they made of?

3. Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.
OBJECTIVE 1| Identify three components of emotions, and contrast James-Lange, Canon-Bard and two factor theories of emotion.

4. Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

5. Controversy
Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

6. Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha

7. Emotion
Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

8. James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

9. James-Lange (cont.)
Subjects report feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activation.
They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.

10. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states.
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

11. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.
1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

12. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but…
People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli.
Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

13. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.

14. Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

15. Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.
OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal.

16. Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty.
OBJECTIVE 3| Discuss the relationship between arousal and performance.

17. Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.
OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.

18. Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

19. Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

20. Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion.
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Reuters/ Corbis
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

21. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
OBJECTIVE 7| Distinguish the two alternate pathways that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response.
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

22. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College,

23. Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.

24. Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

25. Nonverbal Communication
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).
OBJECTIVE 8| Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non-verbal cues.

26. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions.

27. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

28. Emotion- Lie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
heart rate
blood pressure
breathing changes

29. Emotion- A Polygraph Examination

30. Emotion- Lie Detectors
Control Question
Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant Question
Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant > Control --> Lie

31. Emotion- Lie Detectors
Control
question
Relevant
(a)
(b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate

32. Emotion- Lie Detectors
Percentage
Innocent
people
Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
50 Innocents
50 Theives
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

33. Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to effectively convey 10 different emotions.
Network Photographers/ Alamy

34. Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

35. Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival.
Charles Darwin ( )

36. Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

37. The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

38. Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
Shame, and guilt.
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

39. People generally divide emotions into
Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into
two dimensions.

40. Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and
preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from
injury and harm.

41. Learning Fear
We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation.
OBJECTIVE 14| State two ways we learn our fears.
Watson ( )
By Monika Suteski

42. The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss some of the biological components of fear.
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging
(LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo
Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim

43. Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato B.C.).
OBJECTIVE 16| Identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of openly expressing anger, and assess the catharsis hypothesis.

44. Causes of Anger
People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

45. Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

46. Cultural & Gender Differences
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.
Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior.
Wolfgang Kaehler

47. Happiness
People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe how the feel-good do-good phenomenon works, and discuss the importance of research on subjective well-being.

48. Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

49. Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.

50. Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.
OBJECTIVE 18| Discuss some of the daily and longer-term variations in the duration of emotions.

51. Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
Courtesy of Anna Putt

52. Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.
OBJECTIVE 19| Summarize the findings on the relationship between affluence and happiness.

53. Wealth and Well-being
In affluent societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs.
People in rich countries are happier than people in poor countries.
A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums are also satisfied with their life.

54. Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

55. Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction) measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.

56. Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

57. Experiencing Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
“Satisfaction has a short half-life” (Ryan, 1999).
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

58. Happiness & Others’ Attainments
Happiness is not only relative to our past, but also to our comparisons with others. Relative Deprivation is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with.

59. Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?
OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.

60. Experiencing Emotion Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges