1. Basic Unit of Life Cell Song

2. Principles of Cell Theory 1. Cells are basic units of life 2. Biogenesis - All Cells arise from other cells 3. Energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. 4.. All organisms are made of one or more cells Prokaryotic = 1 cell (Unicellular) Eukaryotic = 2 or more cells (Multicellular) Cell Theory

13. Surface Area to Volume Ratio The most efficient cells are the smallest Small cells have a GREATER surface area to volume ratio What is the Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

16. Close-up of nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Ribosome Pore complexes (TEM)Nuclear lamina (TEM) 1 µm Rough ER Nucleus 1 µm 0.25 µm Surface of nuclear envelope Nucleus & Nucleolus

17. LE 6-11 Ribosomes 0.5 µm ER Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome TEM showing ER and ribosomes Ribosomes

18. LE 6-12 Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Transport vesicle Smooth ER Rough ER Transitional ER 200 nm Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic Reticulum

19. LE 6-13 trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus 0.1 µm Golgi apparatus cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) Vesicles coalesce to form new cis Golgi cisternae Vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER Vesicles move from ER to Golgi Vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer Golgi cisternae Cisternal maturation: Golgi cisternae move in a cis- to-trans direction Vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations or to the plasma mem- brane for secretion Cisternae Golgi Apparatus

20. Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food 1 µm Plasma membrane Food vacuole Lysosome Nucleus Digestive enzymes Digestion Lysosome Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes Food vacuole fuses with lysosome Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles Vacuoles

21. LE 6-15 5 µm Central vacuole Cytosol Tonoplast Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplast Central Vacuoles (Plants Only)

22. LE 6-16-1 Nuclear envelope Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER

23. LE 6-16-2 Nuclear envelope Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Transport vesicle cis Golgi trans Golgi

24. LE 6-16-3 Nuclear envelope Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Transport vesicle cis Golgi trans Golgi Plasma membrane

25. LE 6-19 Chloroplast Peroxisome Mitochondrion 1 µm Peroxisomes

26. LE 6-17 Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix 100 nm Mitochondrial DNA Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Mitochondria

27. LE 6-18 Chloroplast DNA Ribosomes Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Thylakoid 1 µm Chloroplasts

28. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles It is composed of three types of molecular structures: – Microtubules – Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments

29. LE 6-21a Vesicle Receptor for motor protein Microtubule of cytoskeleton Motor protein (ATP powered) ATP

30. LE 6-21b 0.25 µm Microtubule Vesicles

34. LE 6-28 Central vacuole of cell Plasma membrane Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella 1 µm Central vacuole of cell Central vacuole Cytosol Plasma membrane Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata Cell Wall

35. LE 6-23a 5 µm Direction of swimming Motion of flagella Flagella

36. LE 6-23b 15 µm Direction of organism’s movement Motion of cilia Direction of active stroke Direction of recovery stroke Cilia

37. LE 6-25b Wavelike motion Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets ATP Anchorage in cell Effect of cross-linking proteins

38. LE 6-29a EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Proteoglycan complex Collagen fiber Fibronectin Integrin Micro- filaments CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Extracellular Matrix

39. Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Tight junction 0.5 µm 1 µm 0.1 µm Gap junction Extracellular matrix Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Intermediate filaments Tight junction Desmosome Gap junctions Intracellular Junctions

40. LE 6-8 Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Carbohydrate side chain Structure of the plasma membrane Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 µm TEM of a plasma membrane Plasma Membrane

41. 0.25 µm Microtubule Centrosome Centrioles Longitudinal section of one centriole Microtubules Cross section of the other centriole Centrioles