1. Xuan Guo Chapter 5 The Bourne Shell Graham Glass and King Ables, UNIX for Programmers and Users, Third Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2003. Notes by Michael Weeks Updated by Xuan Guo CSC 3320 1

2. Xuan Guo Creating/Assigning a Variable Name=value –Variable created if it does not exist –Need quotes if value contains spaces –e.g. x=”one two” Access variable with $ in front –e.g., echo $x –Also, echo ${x}3 CSC 3320 2 mweeks$ x="one two" mweeks$ echo $x one two mweeks$ echo ${x}3 one two3

3. Xuan Guo Access Variations If name not set, replace with word Variable x is set, so we see it displayed Variable x is not set, so we see “three” CSC 3320 3 ${name-word} $ echo ${x-three} one two $ echo ${z-three} three

4. Xuan Guo Access Variations If name is set, replace with word Variable x is set Variable z is not set, so nothing is printed CSC 3320 4 ${name+word} $ echo ${x+three} three $ echo ${z+three}

5. Xuan Guo Access Variations If name not set, assign with word Variable x is set, and printed Variable z is not set, so now it is set to “three” CSC 3320 5 ${name=word} $ echo ${x=three} one two $ echo ${z=three} three $ echo $z three

6. Xuan Guo Access Variations If name is set, return it Variable x is set If name is not set, print word to standard error (and quit) ‏ Variable w is not set CSC 3320 6 ${name?word} $ echo ${x?three} one two $ echo ${w?three} -bash: w: three

7. Xuan Guo Reading from Standard Input read [-p] {variable}+ Reads 1 line Examples CSC 3320 7 $ read v1 v2 one two $ echo $v1 one $ echo $v2 two $ read v1 v2 one two three four $ echo $v1 one $ echo $v2 two three four

8. Xuan Guo Example Reading Multiple Lines CSC 3320 8 $ cat readme.sh #!/bin/bash # read multiple lines read v1 read v2 echo "you said $v1" echo "then you said $v2" $./readme.sh one two three four five you said one two then you said three four five

9. Xuan Guo Exporting Variables export [name[=value]] Makes variables available in environment e.g. export x CSC 3320 9 $ v1="one two" $ export v1 $ sh sh-3.1$ echo $v1 one two sh-3.1$

10. Xuan Guo Predefined Locals CSC 3320 10 $ cat predefined.sh echo You passed $# parameters. echo These are: "$@" echo process ID of last background process = $! echo process ID of this shell = $$ notAcommand echo Last command returned with $? as the status. $./predefined.sh one two three four You passed 4 parameters. These are: one two three four process ID of last background process = process ID of this shell = 21712./predefined.sh: line 7: notAcommand: command not found Last command returned with 127 as the status.

11. Xuan Guo Arithmetic $ expr expression Bourne shell does not directly do math Command expr evaluates expressions –Supports Multiplication (\*), Division (/), Remainder (%) ‏ Add (+), Subtract (-) ‏ Equal (=), Not Equal (!=) ‏ Less (\ ), Greater/Eq (\>=) ‏ And (\&), Or (\|) ‏ CSC 3320 11

12. Xuan Guo expr Command expr also evaluates expressions STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING Length of STRING CSC 3320 12

13. Xuan Guo test Command $ test expression OR just expression –Returns 0 if true –Returns nonzero if false -e file True if file Exists. -f file True if file is a regular File. -r file True if file is readable. -w file True if file is writable. -x file True if file is executable. -d file True if file is a Directory. String1 = String2 True if the strings are equal. See page 193 for a more complete list CSC 3320 13

14. Xuan Guo Case Structure CSC 3320 14 case word in pattern1) Statement(s) to be executed if pattern1 matches ;; pattern2) Statement(s) to be executed if pattern2 matches ;; pattern3) Statement(s) to be executed if pattern3 matches ;; … *) Statement(s) to be executed if no pattern matches ;; esac

15. Xuan Guo Case Structure Example CSC 3320 15 $ cat testcase.sh echo "Type out the word for 1 or 2:" read v1 case $v1 in [Oo]ne)‏ echo "You entered 1" ;; [Tt]wo) echo "You entered 2" ;; *) echo "sorry“ exit 1 ;; esac $./testcase.sh Type out the word for 1 or 2: two You entered 2 $./testcase.sh Type out the word for 1 or 2: Two You entered 2 $./testcase.sh Type out the word for 1 or 2: three sorry

16. Xuan Guo For Loop Loop where name gets each value in word, in turn Uses $@ if no word given End loop: break Go to next iteration: continue CSC 3320 16 for name in {word}* do command list done

17. Xuan Guo For Loop Example CSC 3320 17 $ cat testfor.sh params=$@ for value in $params do echo param: $value done $./testfor.sh one two tree param: one param: two param: tree

18. Xuan Guo If.. Then CSC 3320 18 if [ expression ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true fi if [ expression ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true else Statement(s) to be executed if expression is not true fi

19. Xuan Guo If.. Then CSC 3320 19 if [ expression 1 ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true elif [ expression 2 ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true elif [ expression 3 ] then Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true else Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true fi

20. Xuan Guo If.. Then Example CSC 3320 20 $ cat testif.sh echo "enter a word: " read v1 if [ -e $v1 ] then echo "A file by that name exists." else echo "No file by that name exists." fi $./testif.sh enter a word: dummy A file by that name exists. $./testif.sh enter a word: two No file by that name exists.

21. Xuan Guo Responding to a Signal $ trap command {signal}+ Executes command when signal is received Example: $ trap 'echo CTRL-C; exit 1' 2 –When user types Control-C (signal 2) ‏ –Print “CTRL-C” –Exit with status 1 CSC 3320 21

22. Xuan Guo Until.. do.. done End loop: break Go to next iteration: continue CSC 3320 22 until command do Statement(s) to be executed until command is true done

23. Xuan Guo Until.. do.. done Example CSC 3320 23 $ cat testuntil.sh x=1 until [ $x -gt 3 ] do echo x = $x x=`expr $x + 1` done $./testuntil.sh x = 1 x = 2 x = 3

24. Xuan Guo While Loop End loop: break Go to next iteration: continue CSC 3320 24 while command do Statement(s) to be executed if command is true done

25. Xuan Guo While Loop Example CSC 3320 25 $ cat testwhile.sh x=1 while [ $x -lt 4 ] do echo x = ${x}, less than four x=`expr $x + 1` done $./testwhile.sh x = 1, less than four x = 2, less than four x = 3, less than four

26. Xuan Guo Review Variable assignment and access Reading standard input Arithmetic and pattern matching (expr) ‏ Control structures (case, for, if, while, until) ‏ CSC 3320 26