1. Processing the latent Imaging

2. Processing the Latent Image The processing of the latent image produces the manifest image. The exposed silver ions in the silver halide crystals are converted to microscopic black grains of silver. Films can be processed with manual dipping or with automatic film processors.

3. Six Steps of Processing Wetting* Developing Stop bath* Fixing Washing Drying Swells the emulsion for better chemical penetration. Produces a visible image from the latent image. Terminates development and removes excess chemicals from emulsion. Removes remaining silver halide and hardens gelatin. Removes excess chemicals Removes water and prepares film for viewing

4. Manual Processing Film is hung on metal frames and dipped into tanks of processing chemicals. Process take about 1 hour per film. Film immersed in developer for 5 minutes at 70°F. Developer  stop bath  fixer  water  film dryer

5. First Automatic Processor First automatic processor introduced in 1942 by Pako. Used film racks. First automatic processor reduced processing time down to 40 minutes per film.

6. First Roller Transport Processor Produced by Kodak Used rollers to transport film through development. 10 feet long In today’s dollars cost was $225,000.

7. Automatic Processor In 1965 Kodak introduced the 90 second processor. Capacity of 215 films per hour. 1987 Konica introduced 45 second processing. Today processors are available with processing times from 45 seconds to 2.5 minutes.

8. Developer The wetting and developing steps are combines in automatic processors. Development converts the latent image to the manifest image. Wetting softens the gelatin to allow the developer to come in contact with the silver halide crystals.

9. Developer Components Water wets the emulsion Hydroquinone develops the dark areas of the film. Phenidone develops the grays. Glutaraldehyde hardens the emulsion. Sodium Carbonate is a buffer Sodium Sulfite is a preservative

10. Developer Components Potassium Bromide is an antifogging agent that keeps the unexposed crystals from being developed. Sodium Sulfite helps controls oxidation. Developer turns brown when it oxides. Stored in air tight containers to minimize oxidation.

11. Importance of Proper Development Ideally, proper development implies that all of the exposed crystals containing the latent image are reduced to metallic silver. Development is not perfect so some of the latent image is not reduced and so of the unexposed crystals are.

12. Importance of Proper Development Development is a chemical reaction governed by: Time Temperature Concentration of the developer Long time with low temperature or high temperature with short time will work.

13. Importance of Proper Development With proper concentration, the reducing agents are more powerful and can penetrate both exposed and unexposed silver halide crystals. The film and chemical manufactures have carefully determined the proper parameters for proper development of the film.

14. Importance of Proper Development Any deviation from those parameters will result in a loss of image quality, usually resulting in fog. Fog causes an increase in base fog and a drop in contrast. A fogged image is gray with poor contrast. Three ways to fog film.

15. Three Ways to Fog Film Chemical fog: contaminated developer, high temperature, slow transport. Radiation fog: unintentional exposure to radiation. Improper storage: wrong safelight or storage in high heat and humidity, expired or out of date film.

16. Fixing the Image One the image is developed, it must be treated so it will not fade but remain permanently. This is called fixing the image. We must stop development as soon as the film leaves the developer tank. Acetic acid is used as the stop bath in the fixer. This is referred to as the activator.

17. Fixing the Image Ammonium thiosulfate removes the undeveloped silver bromide from the film. This is referred to as clearing the film. Hypo Retention is the undesired retention of fixer on the emulsion. It is caused by improper washing of the film. Fixers slowly oxidizes to form silver sulfide which turns the image yellow- brown.

18. Fixing the Image The developed and unreduced silver bromide is removed from the emulsion during fixing. The emulsion shrinks. A hardener is used to speed this process causing the emulsion to become rigid. Potassium alum, aluminum chloride or chromium alum are hardeners.

19. Fixing the Image Hardening of the image is important for proper transport of the image through the processor and to permanently fix the image. Used Fixer will contain silver making it toxic. Must be processed as hazardous waste.

20. Wash Once the image is fixed, all remaining chemicals must be washed off the film with water. The water in the wash tank is used to stabilize the developer temperature. Inadequate washing results in fixer retention.

21. Drying Warm and dry air is blown over both sides of the emulsion to dry the film as it moves through the dryer assembly of the processor.

22. Automatic Film Processor

23. Components of a Automatic Processor Transport system Temperature Control Circulation Replenishment Wash Dry Electrical Moves film Controls Developer temp Agitates chemicals Maintains concentration Removes chemicals Removes moisture vents exhaust Fused power

24. Transport System Functions Moves film through processor at the correct speed. Entrance Rollers activates replenishment of developer and fixer. Racks of rollers used to move film. Crossover Racks move film from on tank to the next tank and remove chemicals from film.

25. Transport System Functions Turn around or master rollers turn the film around at the bottom of the tanks. Crossover and Turnaround rollers have guide shoes. If out of adjustment, can scratch film. Motor drives gears that turn the rollers. Speed controlled to within 2%.

26. Transport system Consist of three subsystems: Rollers: transport the film from one tank to another Transport racks: rollers together Drive motor The transport system not just transport the film but also control the time of processing Feeding tray the film start from it Receiving bin: the film is deposit in it

27. Entrance rollers: to take the film from the feeding tray and it connected to a sensor and micro-switch: - To start the processor -It measure the dimension of the film by measuring the length of the film or the length and width (more accurate for the replenishment system)  at the corner of the tank we have the guide shoe:  It direct the film to the right path with the aid of the master rollers

28. Drive motor: Drive the rollers and transport tracks. The speed of the motor and the length of the tank decided the time that the film stay in the tank Usually proceed at 10 -20 rpm

29. Temperature Control A heater, thermostat and tubes running through the bottom of the wash tank controls the developer temperature(35 C). Fixer temp controlled by temperature of the wash water and developer.

30. Circulation System Pumps are used to provide agitation of the chemicals as they pass over the film. This provide even development and mixing of the chemicals. Filters remove impurities and flecks of gelatin that are dislodged from the emulsion in the developer.

31. Replenishment System Each time a film passes through the chemicals, fresh chemicals are pumped into the tank. This maintains the proper concentration and level of chemicals in the tanks. Developer replenishment is 60 to 70 ml for each 14 x 17.

32. Replenishment System Fixer replenishment is 100 to 110 ml for a 14 x 17. If the replenishment rate is increased, a slightly increased radiographic contrast If the rate is too low, a significant decrease in contrast will occur

33. Dryer System Dryer removes all of the moisture from the film. Consists of a heat coils, thermostat, ducts and blower. Some processors used Infrared Heater to dry the film.

34. Alternative Processing New processors can process the film in 45 seconds. This is called Rapid Processing. Extended Processing is used in mammography to reduce dose and increase contrast.

35. Alternative Processing Daylight Processing: The processor automatically unloads the film from the cassette and feeds it into the processor. No darkroom is needed. The cassettes are automatically reloaded.

36. Dry Processing Dry processing refers to development of the images without the use of wet chemicals. It continues to advance and replace conventional chemical based film processing. Used for printing computer based images from digital radiography, CT, MRI, Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound.

37. Dry Processing Advantages Elimination of handling, maintenance and disposal of processing chemicals. No Darkroom required (space saved) Less environmental impact Reduced capital costs Reduced operating costs Higher throughput

38. Types of Dry Chemical Processors Although there are several approaches to dry chemical processing, two technologies dominate. Photothermography (PTG) Thermography (TG)

39. Photothermography (PTG) PTG uses a low power modulated laser beam to record the image signal on the film. The latent image so formed on the sensitized silver halide is developed by a thermal process at 125ºC that take about 15s. This is referred to as the dwell time.

40. Thermography (TG) Thermography uses a modulated thermal print head that coverts electrical energy into heat using resistive elements. No latent image is produced as the organic silver salts are developed directly by the heat.

41. PTG or TG PTG is generally superior because the laser is easier to modulate compared to the thermal print head. PTG images are generally sharper and less pixilated.