1. Direction is measured from 000 to 360 clockwise from North
Measuring Direction
Direction is measured from 000 to 360 clockwise from North
South = 180
West = 270 
North - 000/360
East = 090 B

2. LATITUDE B

3. Longitude B

4. Measuring Latitude and Longitude
One minute of latitude equals one nautical mile B

5. HOW CHART SCALES DIFFERB

6. CHART SCALES Small Scale chart Large Scale Chart Small scale charts
show large areas
Large scale charts
show small areas B

7. CHART SCALES B

8. “MARK” AN AID TO NAVIGATION YOU SEE WHILE BOATING
TWO CATEGORIES OF MARKS
Lateral Marks
Marks starboard and port sides of a route
Non-Lateral Marks
Supplemental aids having no lateral significance
BS B

9. IDENTIFICATION OF “MARKS”
In Daylight
Shapes
Colors
Numbers or letters
Sounds
At Night
Light color and patterns
Always Locate Marks On Your Chart
BS B

10. TYPES OF “MARKS” BUOYS BEACONS
Floating marks anchored at specific locations
BEACONS
Fixed marks permanently fastened
to the earth’s surface
BS B

11. “BUOYS” Floating Aids Position approximate Identified by Chart symbol
Various shapes and colors
Position approximate
Identified by
Number, letters, sound devices and lights
Chart symbol
diamond with a small position circle
Magenta disc around position circle, if lighted
BS B

12. “BEACONS” Permanently fixed to Earth's surface Examples:
Lighthouses
Daybeacons
Identified by:
Numbers, letters, sound devices, lights
Chart symbols:
Unlighted - small triangle or square
Lighted - magenta flare 
with a black position dot
BS B

13. The “3-R” Rule Red - Right - Returning
When Returning from sea, keep red side-of-channel marks to your starboard
“Returning” is:
Entering a harbor or bay from the open ocean
Traveling up a river from the sea
Traveling clockwise around the U.S. along it’s coastline
South along the Atlantic coast
West along the Gulf coast
North along the Pacific coast
BS B

14. TYPES OF SOUND SIGNALS
BS B

15. Definitions Navigation Piloting
The science of directing the movements of a boat from one place to another in a safe and efficient manner.
Piloting
A part of navigation using landmarks, navigational aids, and soundings as primary tools. B

16. Variation is found in the center of the compass rose
A Chart Compass Rose
Variation is found in the center of the compass rose B