1. Adapted from Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe
Hitler’s Foreign Policy
British Appeasement Policy
Failure of League of Nations in the 1930s
Authoritarian regimes – Nazi Germany,
Communist Russia and Fascist Italian & Japan
Adapted from Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe
Road to WW2

2. Could war in Europe have been avoided?
Why was peace threatened in the 1930s?
What were the immediate causes of World War II in Europe?
Events in the 1930s that made Europe a less peaceful place
and war a greater possibility
Events in 1939 that triggered the
war
“TREND” – Long Term
“TRIGGER” – Short Term

3. Adapted from Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe
Background
After World War I, peace in Europe was built on the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.
Rise of the Nazi regime challenged the Treaty and caused peace to break down.
To create a Greater Germany, Adolf Hitler invaded countries such as Austria and Czechoslovakia.
Britain and Allied Powers had the policy of appeasement towards an expansionist Germany.
League of Nations which was set up to preserve world peace was too weak to stop the outbreak of World War II.
Adapted from Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe

4. Why was peace threatened in the 1930s?
Hitler’s foreign policy aims
Failure of the League of Nations to deal with aggressors
The policy of appeasement
The League of Nations could
not make countries give up their weapons
More authoritarian governments came to power in Europe because of the economic problems of the 1930s
The members of the League
of Nations put their own interests first
The League of Nations was too weak to maintain peace in the 1930s

5. Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006
In Mein Kampf, Hitler laid out 4 key foreign-policy aims, which were later carried out when he came to power: 1) overthrowing Versailles treaty in terms of re-arming and recovering lost territory, 2) gaining lebensraum for Germany in Eastern Europe, which would involve a future war with Communist Russia, 3) uniting all German-speaking people in his ‘new Germany’, including those in Austria, Sudeten and Danzig, and 4) creating a racially ‘pure’ German state that would the dominant power in Europe.
Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006

6. Hitler aims to make Germany strong again by breaking the terms of
the Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty was considered unfair because it was designed to keep Germany weak.
Restriction on size of Germany army.
Territorial losses on the side of Germany.
Hitler wanted to make the military strong and regain the land that was lost by breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
(ie rearm and claim back lost territories).

7. To get more land for Germany
Hitler wanted to create a Greater Germany uniting all
lands containing German-speaking people.
Hitler also felt that Germany needed lebensraum or
living space. So he had to get the land by conquering
other countries.
These included lands such as:
Parts of Russia
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Austria

8. Nazi Foreign Policy of Aggression and Appeasement
Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006

9. Hitler wanted to fight Communism
Hitler’s expansionist policy which targetted the living space in Russia increased the chances of a war with Communist Russia
Hitler wanted to destroy Communism because he believed that if he did not destroy Communism first, it would annihilate Germany.
Hitler also aware that by gaining control of East Europe, he would be able to exterminate the Jews living there.

10. Rearmament
One of the first steps Hitler undertook was to rearm Germany, through acquiring more weapons and increasing the size of his army.
In October 1933, Hitler pulled Germany out of the Geneva Disarmament Conference.
Shortly after this incident, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.
Spending on the army and navy was doubled.
Production of arms increased sharply.
In March 1935, conscription was brought back by Hitler.

11. Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
The Rhineland was demilitarised by the Treaty.
Most Germans felt this to be most unfair to them.
Hitler was determined to reclaim the Rhineland.
On 7 March 1936, German troops marched into the Rhineland unopposed.
It was a gamble by Hitler as he was not sure if the League of Nations would stop him by using military action.

12. Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
No action was taken against Germany.
The French were horrified but did not do anything without the support of the British.
The lack of response from Britain and France gave Hitler the confidence that Britain and France would give in to his demands.
Hitler was able to start building a defensive force to protect Germany from any attack by France.
This made him even more ambitious.

13. Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006
The force that Hitler had sent into the Rhineland was small but he had gambled and won. He said “The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life….If the French had then marched into the Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even moderate resistance.” He drew the conclusion that Britain and France were weak and that he could get away with more aggressive actions.
Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006

14. Anschluss
Hitler was an Austrian, and wanted Austria to be part of the Third Reich.
The Austrian empire broke up at the end of World War I. Subsequently, a small and independent Austrian republic was set up.
The Treaty of Versailles however stated that there should be no union (or Anschluss in German) between these two countries.
A number of attempts were made by Germany to take over Austria in the 1930s. The most serious attempt, in 1934, was stopped by Italy.

15. Anschluss
Austria led by Chancellor Schuschnigg protested but the protests were ignored. A secret plebiscite was arranged.
In March 1938, Germany marched across the border into Austria.
Schuschnigg was pressured to resign and the plebiscite was abandoned.
A vote was held and the majority voted for Anschluss. Anschluss (union of the two countries) was completed without any resistance.
Many Austrians welcomed the German takeover.

16. Anschluss It was another gamble taken by Hitler that paid off.
The League of Nations protested but took no action.
It gave Hitler the confidence to take on further “gambles.”

17. Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006
Hitler returned in triumph to Vienna where he was greeted by euphoric crowds. This was the city where he had lived before World War One. Hitler incorporated Austria into the Reich and this event became known as the Anschluss (political union). Again the British and French did nothing. The new Prime Minister in Britain was Neville Chamberlain. He wanted to prevent another European war breaking out. He decided to follow a policy called Appeasement. Appeasement was a policy of giving into Hitler’s reasonable demands in order to prevent war. It was a very popular policy in Britain at the time.
Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006

18. Italian aggression in Abyssinia
In 1934, Italian dictator Mussolini planned to invade Abyssinia (Ethopia).
Following an appeal to the League of Nations by the Emperor of Abyssinia, war was averted.
By 1935 however, Mussolini began full-scale invasion into Abyssinia.
The League only managed to sanction an embargo of rubber and metal on Italy to stop the invasion.
The League did not resort to drastic measures for fear of triggering a war.
In fact, the League was willing to give Italy two-thirds of Abyssinia if Mussolini withdrew his troops. This was called the Hoare-Laval Plan.
As a result, Italy sought Hitler’s help and managed to gain control over Abyssinia in May 1936.

19. The members of the League of Nations put their own interests first
The British and French needed Italy to counter the Nazi menace.
They tried to shirk their responsibility to the League but public opinion in Britain would not allow them.
This shows how the League was not strong enough to protect the interests of its members.
As a result the Hoare-Laval Plan (with Italian Mussolini) was abandoned which angered Mussolini.
Mussolini then became closer to Hitler & on 25 October 1936, the Rome-Berlin Axis was formed ( "an axis around which can revolve all those European states with a will to collaboration and peace." )

20. The League of Nations could not make countries give up their weapons
Failure of LON Disarmament efforts
The 1932 Disarmament Conference was bogged down by disagreements over how disarmament should be carried out.
Countries like France refused to disarm for fear of Germany.
Due to the fact that most countries did not want to disarm to Germany’s level, Hitler pulled out of the Conference in Oct 1933.
The Anglo-German Naval Treaty also demonstrated how Britain had violated the Treaty of Versailles by allowing Germany to increase its naval size.
Following this, other members followed Britain’s example.

21. More authoritarian governments came to power in Europe because of the economic problems of the 1930s
Due to serious economic problems resulting from the Great Depression, many government were blamed for failing to solve unemployment.
This had the effect of drawing support towards authoritarian regimes.
Economic problems had encouraged many countries to resort to protectionism triggering off a trade war.
Despite efforts by the League to stop the trade war, few countries cooperated.
Trade war also increased worldwide unemployment.
Many countries used rearmament to create jobs. But this had the effect making war more likely.

22. Illustration showing rearmament in Germany during the 1930s
Illustration showing rearmament in Germany during the 1930s. What does it tell you about the changes in Germany at that time?
Aggressive rearmament:
In 1933, Hitler announced that he was increasing the size of the army from to men. In 1935, he increased the size of the army to men.

23. Conscription:
Hitler reintroduced compulsory military service for all male citizens in 1935.

24. The League of Nations was too weak to maintain peace in the 1930s
By the mid 1930s, the members of the League of Nations no longer believed that it could protect countries that were being attacked.
Efforts at collective security had failed.
The League officially ended in 1946.

25. The League of Nations was too weak to maintain peace in the 1930s
Which one of these reasons do you think illustrates the
League’s greatest weakness?

26. The policy of appeasement
One of the main reasons for the failure of collective security was the policy of appeasement.
Appeasement means the practice of avoiding war by giving in to the aggressive demands made by a country.
“Appeasement was the policy of giving in to some of the demands of dictators like Hitler and Mussolini in the hope that they would be satisfied and not ask for more.”
Neville Chamberlain, the British
PM most closely associated
with appeasement.

27. Appeasement
England footballers give the Nazi salute before a match in Germany in a picture from German photograph archives

28. Reasons for adopting policy of appeasement
To buy time
Britain hoped appeasement
would give it some time to
modernise its armies. The
German army on the other hand
had been growing steadily.
Lack of US support
US policy of isolation meant that Britain
and France were left to face the threat of
Germany alone.
Memories of World War I
Britain was keen to avoid another war that
would cause millions of lives.
Economic problems
The British economy had been
damaged by World War I and
Great Depression. Its efforts at
rebuilding its economy would
be destroyed by another war.
Fear of Communism
Most Britons felt that a strong Germany
would prevent the spread of Communism,
which to them was a greater threat.
Britain’s other problems
Britain was having problems
with its colonies that were fighting
for independence. Its troops were
too stretched to deal with a
possible war.
Attitudes towards the Treaty of Versailles
Most Britons felt that the Treaty had
been too harsh on Germany.

29. How appeasement worked
Background
Czechoslovakia was one of the richest countries in Eastern Europe.
The main problem was that Czechoslovakia was made up many different ethnic groups.
Some smaller groups wanted to merge with neighbouring countries like Germany, Hungary, Poland.
Hitler took advantage of this.

30. Policy of Appeasement Hitler actions:
encouraged different racial groups to complain about the Czech rule.
targeted mainly the Germans living in Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia.
got the Sudeten Nazi party to create problems for the Czech government.
Britain and France could see a crisis developing over the Sudetenland.
They feared that it might lead to war.
Chamberlain tried to persuade the Czech government to give way to Hitler.
He hoped that this would stop Hitler from causing more trouble.

31. Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006
Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006

32. The Munich Agreement (1938)
Three visits were made by Neville Chamberlain to Germany
to resolve this issue.
First visit:
Chamberlain was so anxious to avoid conflict that he made three trips to speak to Hitler.
Hitler threatened to go to war with Czechoslovakia if the Sudetenland was not given to Germany.
Chamberlain was so keen to avoid war that he agreed to see what concessions he could persuade the Czech government to make.

33. Second visit:
This meeting was held at Godesborg in the Rhineland.
Chamberlain offered to transfer to Germany all those parts of Sudetenland where more than fifty per cent of the inhabitants were German.
Hitler however threatened to go to war again if Sudetenland was not transferred to Germany immediately.
Third visit:
This meeting was held at Munich, the main city of Bavaria in southern Germany.
There were representatives from Britain, France, Italy and Germany but no representatives from Czechoslovakia.
Outcome: Almost everything that Hitler asked for was given.
Within days, Germany was in control of the whole of Sudetenland.

34. The Munich Agreement (1938)
For Hitler, this was a great triumph as he made important gains without fighting.
In fact it only served to encourage him further.
For Chamberlain, this seemed like proof that appeasement worked.
For the Czechs, it was a great disaster and the first step towards their annihilation.

35. What were the immediate causes of World War II in Europe?
Britain ended
the policy of
appeasement
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression
Pact
Hitler’s
invasion of
Poland

36. Britain ended the policy of appeasement
Britain and France had been rearming for some time in the event that appeasement fails.
The German invasion of Czechoslovakia finally convinced them that Hitler could not be trusted.
More aggressive action was needed to deal with Hitler.
Poland looked likely to be the next victim.
In March 1939, Britain and France signed an agreement with Poland promising to go to its aid if Germany was to invade.

37. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Hitler’s next target was Poland, particularly
the Polish corridor and Danzig.
However he was wary of the possible interference from the USSR.
Stalin on the other hand was wary of German aggression.
Stalin’s attempts to reach a deal with Britain and
France failed.

38. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
This pact came as a great surprise to the world as Hitler and Stalin were known to be arch enemies.
For years, Hitler had attacked Communism and Stalin had done his best to prevent growth of German power.
Terms of the Pact
The USSR was to stay neutral in any war between Germany and Poland.
Secret clause: Both agreed to divide Poland between them.
Germany took the west. The USSR took eastern Poland that it had lost at the end of World War I.

39. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The pact allowed Hitler to risk a war with Britain and France, knowing that he did not have to fight the Russians as well.
In doing so, he avoided the possibility of war on two fronts.
To Britain, the pact was a big blow as war with Germany became more likely.
To many, this pact was seen as the trigger to full-scale war in Europe.

40. Hitler’s invasion of Poland
The pact secured Germany its Eastern Front.
On 1 September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.
This time Britain and France was determined to keep their promise to Poland and declared war on Germany.

41. Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006
Hitler wanted to destroy Poland in order to gain living space (Lebensraum).
Hitler demanded the German speaking town of Danzig from Poland and the building of a motorway to link East Prussia with the rest of the Reich.
However the demand for Danzig was not the real issue for Hitler.
Hitler said
Further successes can no longer be attained without the shedding of blood…Danzig is not the subject of the dispute at all. It is a question of expanding our living space in the east…there is no question of sparing Poland.
Crisis and Conflict: War in Europe Copyright 2006

42. Summary Causes of World War II in Europe Ways World War II could have
Hitler’s foreign
policy
Economic
problems
Appeasement
Failure of the
League of
Nations
to stop
aggression
by other countries
to stop
rearmament
Ways World War II could have
been avoided (?)
A fairer Treaty
of Versailles?
Join forces with
the USSR?
Fight Hitler while
he was still
weak?
Support collective
security in
the League?