1. Deviance

2. Explanations of deviance Biological Psychological Sociological

3. Biological explanations A real but small effect in causing crime. Caesar Lombroso  Genetically destined to become criminals William Sheldon  Body style XYY Chromosome theory

4. Psychological explanations General concepts Personality patterns Individual traits Majority of crimes are committed by people with normal personalities

5. Sociological explanations (Overview) Strain theory Differential association Differential opportunity Labeling theory

6. Strain theory Robert Merton Conformist Innovator (Al Capone) Ritualist Retreatist Rebellion

7. Differential association Edwin H. Sutherland Crime is learned in association with others Deviance is linked to the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage that behavior.

8. Differential opportunity Cloward & Ohlin Reduce crime by reducing criminal (illegitimate) opportunity

9. Labeling theory Deviance and conformity result not only from what people do, but how others respond to those actions.  Reinforcement  Labeling  Retrospective labeling Interpreting someone’s past as consistent with present deviance.

10. Medicalization of deviance Treating deviant behavior by medical means Depo-provera for rape Methadone for heroin Redefining  Theft as “compulsive disorder”  Drinking as “alcoholism”  Promiscuity as a “sexual addiction”

11. Types of crime (overview) Street crime White-collar crime Victimless crime

12. Street crime Crimes against persons Crimes against property

13. White-collar crime Crimes committed by people of high social standing as part of their occupation Little reaction from others Cases heard in civil court (rather than criminal court) This is changing with the WorldCom and Enron problems.

14. Victimless crime Prostitution Drugs Gambling

15. Plea bargaining (Legal negotiation) Most criminal cases in the courts are resolved by plea bargaining. In exchange for a guilty plea, you get:  Reduced charge  Reduced sentence  Concurrent sentences

16. Reasons why societies punish offenders Retribution  The oldest reason  “An eye for an eye” Deterrence  The threat of punishment to discourage crime Rehabilitation

17. Effects of Prison Do little to rehabilitate Creates stigma - reducing chances of acceptance and getting a job Provide some protection for society from criminals

18. Criminal recidivism Subsequent offenses by people convicted of crimes