2.  Thermodynamics  First Law of Thermodynamics  Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed  Second Law of Thermodynamics  Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the Universe  Entropy (S)  A measure of disorder, or randomness

3.  Metabolic pathways  Catabolic pathways – release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds  Anabolic pathways – consume energy to build complicated molecules form simpler ones  The main metabolic pathways of the Golgi Apparatus would be considered which type of pathway?  Ribosomes?  Lysosome?

4. The main metabolic pathways of the Golgi Apparatus would be considered which type of pathway? Ribosomes? - Anabolic pathways * building proteins and macromolecules Lysosome? - Catabolic pathways *intercellular digestion to produce sugars, amino acids, and other monomers

5.  1. An enzyme is made up of two subunits (separate polypeptide chains).  A. What level of structure defines the overall structure of the functional protein?  B. You find that this enzyme requires vitamin D to function optimally. What role is vitamin D playing? What is meant by an allosteric site?  C. Name three ways that you can diminish the activity of this enzyme.

6.  The specificity of an enzyme results from its shape, which is a consequence of its amino acid sequence.

7.  Cofactor and Coenzyme  Cofactor – nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity  Bound to enzyme as a permanent residents  Coenzyme – if cofactor is organic  Most vitamins act as coenzymes or raw materials from which coenzymes are made  Allosteric Site – A site on a multi-subunit enzyme that is not the substrate binding site but that when reversibly bound by and effector induces a conformational change in the enzyme altering its catalytic properties

8.  Temperature  Increase Temp and the rate of the enzymatic reaction increases, up to a point  pH  Ionic Strength Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme

9. A. What does the term Energy of Activation mean? B. William Gibbs defined a useful function called Gibbs free energy.  What is the change in free energy equation  AND define each term  If a reaction is spontaneous what will be the value of Free energy?

10.  What does the term Energy of Activation mean?  The activation energy of a reaction is the amount of energy needed to start the reaction.  It represents the minimum energy needed to form an activated complex during a collision between reactants.

11.  AND define each term  If a reaction is spontaneous what will be the value of Free energy?  Δ G = Δ H – T Δ S  Δ G = The change in free energy  Δ H = The change in the system’s enthalpy  Δ S = The change in the systems entropy  T = the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K)  If the reaction is spontaneous then Δ G will be negative

12.  Exergonic reaction – “energy outward” proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous  Endergonic reaction – “energy inward” absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

13. Reactants Energy Products Progress of the reaction Amount of energy released (  G < 0) Free energy Exergonic reaction: energy released

14. Reactants Energy Products Progress of the reaction Amount of energy required (  G > 0) Free energy Endergonic reaction: energy required

15.  Protein synthesis  Cellular Respiration  Na+/K+ pump  Match burning an ice cube

16. A.What is the name of this reaction? B.What type of Metabolic pathway would this reaction be? (Anabolic/Catbolic) C.Where might this type of reaction occur within a cell? D.Exergonic or Endergonic? E.What are the correct thermodynamic properties for a chemical reaction in which amino acids are linked to form a protein?

17. A. What is the name of this reaction? Dehydration Reaction B. What type of Metabolic pathway would this reaction be? Anabolic pathway C. Where might this type of reaction occur within a cell? In the Ribosomes  In the cytosol (free ribosomes)  On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the nuclear envelope (Bound ribosomes) D. Exergoinic or Endergonic? Endergonic need to put energy into it

18.  It is becoming more ordered so Entropy will decrease = - ∆S ∆S < 0, decrease of entropy, increase in order  It is an Anabolic pathway so energy is consumed, added, so ∆H would be positive = +∆H  Because energy is added this is considered a Endergonic reaction and thus the free energy will increase = + ∆G

19. Reactants Energy Products Progress of the reaction Amount of energy required (  G > 0) Free energy Endergonic reaction: energy required