1. Muscle are the machines converting ____________ energy to __________ energy! What are the functions of muscles? http://dennismitchell.wordpress.com/2007/04/26/beer-muscles/ Introduction to Muscles

2. What is the difference between muscle vs. muscles? Muscle is a tissue and there are three types… ___________ Muscles (organs) fall in 2 main categories and a third minor group… __________, ____________ & _____________ (somatic subtype) Introduction to Muscles

3. What are the 4 common characteristics of muscle tissue? All muscle tissue has 4 common characteristics: ___________ Respond to stimuli with electric current Ability to shorten when stimulated Can be stretched up to 3 times contracted length Recoils to resting length after tension released Introduction to Muscles

4. What are the series elastic components? The connective tissue of the bone is continuous with … clear down to the package around muscle fibers… * Purpose(s)? Introduction to Muscles

5. What other components do muscles have? _________ necessary for transporting blood to and from muscle tissue travel through the connective tissue. _________ necessary for conducting electrical signals to initiate muscle contraction also travel through the connective tissue Introduction to Muscles

6. What other components do muscles have? Contractile components… Muscles (whole) are comprised of: ___________, which are… Many individual muscle cells (_____________)… Each with a cell membrane (___________), cytoplasm (___________), organelles and … made of ________________ Introduction to Muscles

7. What are the components at the cellular level? The molecular machinery consists of … __________ form and stored energy in ____________ is used to change conformation resulting in … Introduction to Muscles

8. Another View… Introduction to Muscles

9. How do limbs/structures move in 2 (or more) directions? Myofibrils __________ exert a force in two directions!!! So in this sense relaxation is passive. It depends on: 1)1) 2)2) 3)3) However, relaxation DOES require energy! Where and Why? ?Rigor mortis? http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/big_muscles.htm Introduction to Muscles

10. How do limbs/structures move in 2 (or more) directions? Skeletal muscles often work in pairs (or groups). If they generate force in same direction = Opposite directions = Force is generally applied ______ the joint that will facilitate movement Immovable portion = Moved part = Introduction to Muscles

11. How do we get a whole muscle response based on individual muscle fibers? Muscle fibers contract in an “___________” fashion. To control force of a whole muscle contraction, you must control the _______ of muscle fibers contracting. Each motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates is called a ______________ Introduction to Muscles

12. Axial Muscles What muscles are identified as axial? T 3 … those of … Notice the complementary orientation of the abdominal fasciculi * * *

13. Axial Muscles What muscles are identified as axial? They exhibit ____________ (primitive trait). This is a consequence of embryonic development from mesodermal segments or _________. ______________ and _________ Absent in anurans and amniotes, but spinal nerves are segmental

14. Axial Muscles

15. How are myomeres of fishes organized? Dorsal and ventral bundles are separated by a sheet of connective tissue the _______ _________ Myomeres dorsal to this septum are ____________ and those ventral are ___________. Myomeres are arranged as “_______” that extend caudad. Generate great force that is maximal at … Where would you look for epibranchials and hypobranchials? Axial Muscles

16. How are myomeres of tetrapods organized? Horizontal septum has gone away since most tetrapods have lost hypaxial segmentation Some tetrapods have retained the “-paxials” such as ____________. How would this facilitate locomotion? Axial Muscles

17. What adaptations facilitate terrestrial tetrapod locomotion? Increased vertebral mobility (___________) and unified muscle arrangement (____________________) allows a variety of motions… for example “humping” or galloping

18. Axial Muscles What are the epaxial muscles of the trunk? 4 categories… * * * * Cause extension or lateral flexion of the trunk. How?

19. What are the hypaxial muscles of the trunk? 4 categories… * * * * What motion would these likely cause? http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/journey/images/extobliques.jpeg Axial Muscles

20. What is special about the mammalian diaphragm? Central tendon surrounded by a muscular sheet. Attaches … Axial Muscles

21. What are the functions of the hypobranchial muscles? * * For what purpose(s)?

22. Axial Muscles What are the functions of the hypobranchial muscles in tetrapods? * * *

23. What is the significance of appendicular muscles? These muscles insert (as opposed to originate) on the … They can arise from blastemas within the body wall originating off axial skeleton or fascia are _____________ Those arising from blastemas within the limb and originating on the limb are ______________ Appendicular Muscles

24. What role do appendicular muscles play in fishes? Since most fish move by lateral undulations, the musculature of the appendicular skeleton is … Fin fold is invaded by muscle buds from adjacent myomeres. Dorsal blastemas form ________ (elevators) Ventral blastemas form ________ (depressors) Appendicular Muscles Would you expect blastemas of the median dorsal fins to arise from hypaxial or epaxial myomeres?

25. What are the extrinsic muscles of the pectoral girdle and forelimbs? A consistent muscle among taxa is the ______________ It is more developed in taxa relying heavily on limbs for movement and spread from hypaxial region to insert of ______________ Pharyngeal arches contribute to ___________ muscles. ___________________ and cleido- occipitalis actually move the head. Appendicular Muscles

26. What are the extrinsic muscles of the pectoral girdle and forelimbs on the ventral surface? ___________ and ___________________ In birds the pectoralis are the primary _____________ and the supracoracoideus are the ________________ Appendicular Muscles

27. What are the intrinsic muscles of the forelimbs? The dorsal group is comprised of the… Extensors of the hands and digits Appendicular Muscles Which of the above would you expect to insert on the ulna?

28. What are the intrinsic muscles of the forelimbs? The ventral group is comprised of … Flexors of the hands and digits Appendicular Muscles

29. What are the muscles of the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs? Not much for pelvic girdle… Why? Iliopsoas group and the gluteal group arise from pelvic region and insert on what? * Appendicular Muscles

30. Branchiomeric muscles. Arising from the pharyngeal arches are several muscles including the … * Appendicular Muscles