2. Integration of Earth Observing Systems and the U.S. Geological Survey

3. Integration of environmental monitoring networks: Comprehensive, multi-dimensional study of environmental problems and their linkagesComprehensive, multi-dimensional study of environmental problems and their linkages Broader dissemination of monitoring technologiesBroader dissemination of monitoring technologies Greater operational efficiencyGreater operational efficiency

4. Elements of a “back-bone” network: Consistent core variablesConsistent core variables Standard sampling and calibration protocolsStandard sampling and calibration protocols Integrated data management driven by internet distribution and GPS systemsIntegrated data management driven by internet distribution and GPS systems

5. Elements of a “back-bone” network: EPA Estuarine ReservesEPA Estuarine Reserves NOAA Estuarine Status and Trends networkNOAA Estuarine Status and Trends network NOAA ocean current and weather buoysNOAA ocean current and weather buoys USGS Streamgaging stationsUSGS Streamgaging stations

6. Network Costs $120M per year$120M per year About $12,500/gageAbout $12,500/gage Network Funding State / Local agencies 35% USGS Coop program 25% OFA 18% Mixed 15% USGS NSIP 7% Gage Network 7,100 gages7,100 gages 85 % real-time85 % real-time Streamgaging

7. Partners Flood-related Uses Corps of Engineers Bureau of Reclamation Federal Highways Admin. Reservoir Operations Engineering Design National Weather Service Flood Forecasting and Inundation Mapping Federal Emergency Management Agency Floodplain mapping, Evacuation planning 800 State and local agencies All of the above

8. Traditional Methods Q=VA Discharge (Q)= Ave Velocity*Area Area=Depth*Width

9. Measurement Methods Vary

10. USGSStreamGage

11. 1997 Flood New 100-year flood Old 100-year flood 1900 2000 Peak Flow, CFS Gages Monitor River Stage

14. Water.usgs.gov/waterwatch

16. WaterWatch Real-time streamflowReal-time streamflow Flood and High flowFlood and High flow Monthly Conditions (and historic)Monthly Conditions (and historic) Comparison of today and PORComparison of today and POR Comparison of 7-Day Average and PORComparison of 7-Day Average and POR Below normalBelow normal Drought WatchDrought Watch

17. Modernizing Flow Measurement HydroAcoustics Radars

18. HydroAcoustics Doppler principleDoppler principle Fast and accurateFast and accurate Not effective in shallow waterNot effective in shallow water Used with boats or tethered from bridgesUsed with boats or tethered from bridges Can be used as side- looking, velocity index metersCan be used as side- looking, velocity index meters

19. Mississippi River at St. Louis

21. Side-Looking Doppler, Index-Velocity Discharge vs Traditional Discharge

22. Radars Microwave radar for surface velocity onlyMicrowave radar for surface velocity only Ground-penetrating radar for channel areaGround-penetrating radar for channel area GPR doesn’t work well in high conductivity or great depthGPR doesn’t work well in high conductivity or great depth Q=V A