1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Chapter 14: ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley This lecture will help you understand: Chemistry: The Central Science The Submicroscopic World Physical and Chemical Properties Determining Physical and Chemical Changes Elements to Compounds Naming Compounds

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chemistry: The Central Science Chemistry is... the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chemistry: The Central Science

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

6. Chemistry is... the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo. the “central” science. Chemistry: The Central Science

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chemistry PhysicsBiology AstronomyEarth Science

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chemistry is... the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo. the “central” science. a “materials” science. Chemistry: The Central Science

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chemistry is... the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo. the “central” science. a “materials” science. Most of the material items in any modern house are shaped by some human-devised chemical process. Chemistry: The Central Science

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley More than 70 percent of all legislation placed before the Congress of the United States addresses science-related questions and issues. Chemistry: The Central Science

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

14. Chemistry: The Central Science A situation to ponder… Collagen cross-link inhibitors that significantly reverse various aspects of aging have recently been discovered.

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Clinically tested to be safe and effective collagen cross-link inhibitors should be a) available to the general public. b) available only to those 21 and older. c) available only by prescription. d) prohibited because of their abuse potential. e) prohibited because growing old should be natural. Chemistry: The Central Science CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Chemistry: The Central Science A situation to ponder…

16. Clinically tested to be safe and effective collagen cross-link inhibitors should be a) available to the general public. b) available only to those 21 and older. c) available only by prescription. d) prohibited because of their abuse potential. e) prohibited because growing old should be natural. Stay Informed ! Chemistry: The Central Science CHECK YOUR ANSWER Chemistry: The Central Science CHECK YOUR ANSWER

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A single grain of sand contains about 125 million trillion atoms. The Submicroscopic World

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A single grain of sand contains about 125 million trillion atoms. The Submicroscopic World How much is 125 million trillion??

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Submicroscopic World Roughly 250,000 dunes of this size contain about 125 million trillion grains of sand.

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Submicroscopic World Roughly 250,000 dunes of this size contain about 125 million trillion grains of sand. Yet, that’s how many atoms there are in a single grain of sand. (Atoms are small.)

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Are atoms made of molecules or are molecules made of atoms? Chemistry: The Submicroscopic World A situation to ponder…

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Submicroscopic World

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties A physical property describes the look or feel of a substance.

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties A physical property describes the look or feel of a substance. A chemical property describes the tendency of a substance to transform into a new substance.

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties It is a chemical property of iron to transform into rust.

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance.

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. Chemical change: the transformation of one or more substances into others.

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. Chemical change: the transformation of one or more substances into others. A substance is identified not only by the kinds of atoms it contains but also by how those atoms are connected to one another.

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. Chemical change: the transformation of one or more substances into others. A substance is identified not only by the kinds of atoms it contains but also by how those atoms are connected to one another. During a chemical change, a new substance is formed as atoms rearrange themselves into new configurations.

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. Chemical change: the transformation of one or more substances into others.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The transformation of oxygen, O 2, into ozone, O 3, is an example of A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. O=O O O O O O O oxygenozone Physical and Chemical Properties CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The transformation of oxygen, O 2, into ozone, O 3, is an example of A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. O=O O O O O O O oxygenozone Explanation: The same kinds of atoms are involved but how they are arranged is completely different. Thus, a new substance has been formed. Physical and Chemical Properties CHECK YOUR ANSWER

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Determining Physical & Chemical Changes A physical change imposes a new set of conditions on the same material.

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Determining Physical & Chemical Changes A physical change imposes a new set of conditions on the same material. A chemical change forms a new material with its own unique set of physical properties.

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Determining Physical & Chemical Changes A physical change imposes a new set of conditions on the same material. A chemical change forms a new material with its own unique set of physical properties. Both physical and chemical changes result in a change in physical appearance.

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Melting a piece of solid gold would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Melting a piece of solid gold would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Explanation: The gold is still gold, it is now in a liquid state. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR ANSWER

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Tarnishing a piece of silver would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Tarnishing a piece of silver would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Explanation: Tarnish transforms pure silver, Ag, to silver sulfide, Ag 2 S. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR ANSWER

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Elements to Compounds Element: A material made of only one kind of atom. Pure gold is an example as it is made of only gold atoms.

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Element: A material made of only one kind of atom. Pure gold is an example as it is made of only gold atoms. Atom: The fundamental unit of an element. Elements to Compounds

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Element: A material made of only one kind of atom. Pure gold is an example as it is made of only gold atoms. Atom: The fundamental unit of an element. The term “element” is used when referring to macroscopic quantities. The term “atom” is used when discussing the submicroscopic. Elements to Compounds

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Elemental formula: Used to show the proportion by which atoms combine to form an element. CompoundFormula Oxygen O2O2 Ozone O3O3 Sulfur S8S8 Gold Au Elements to Compounds

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Elements to Compounds

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Compounds have properties uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. Elements to Compounds

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Compounds have properties uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. Elements to Compounds

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Compounds have properties uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. Chemical formula: Used to show the proportion by which elements combine to form a compound. Elements to Compounds

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chemical formula: Used to show the proportion by which elements combine to form a compound. CompoundFormula Sodium chloride NaCl Ammonia NH 3 Water H2OH2O Elements to Compounds

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Naming Compounds Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table.

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Naming Compounds

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Example: NaCl Naming Compounds

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley NaCl Sodium Example: NaCl Chlorine Naming Compounds

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley NaCl Sodium Example: NaCl chloride Naming Compounds

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley NaCl Sodium Example: NaCl chloride Naming Compounds

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Naming Compounds Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Guideline 2 —With different possible combinations of elements, use prefixes to remove ambiguity.

56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley mono- di- tri- tetra- 2 3 4 1 Naming Compounds

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley CO 2 Examples: Naming Compounds

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley CO 2 carbon monoxide carbon dioxide Examples: Naming Compounds

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Examples: H O 2 dihydrogen monoxide dihydrogen dioxide 2 2 Naming Compounds

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Examples: H O 2 dihydrogen monoxide dihydrogen dioxide 2 2 Would you drink this?? Naming Compounds

61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Examples: H O 2 “Water” “Hydrogen peroxide” 2 2 Naming Compounds

62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Naming Compounds Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Guideline 2 —With different possible combinations of elements, use prefixes to remove ambiguity. Guideline 3 —Common names are sometimes used for convenience.

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A. Chrobrofor B. SeeBer4 C. Carbon bromide D. Carbon tetrabromide. What is the name of the compound with the formula CBr 4 ? Naming Compounds CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

64. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A. Chrobrofor B. SeeBer4 C. Carbon bromide D. Carbon tetrabromide. What is the name of the compound with the formula CBr 4 ? Naming Compounds CHECK YOUR ANSWER