1. CISC 3140 (CIS 20.2) Design & Implementation of Software Application II Instructor : M. Meyer Email Address: meyer@sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu Course Page: http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~meyer/ http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~meyer/ CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 1

2. Content XML SAX versus DOM ▫XML-SAX ▫XML-DOM AJAX How it works XMLHttpRequest Object XMLHttpRequest.open(…) Server Response onreadystatechange Event CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 2

3. SAX Versus DOM In our last lecture we examined the basics of XML documents and how they are "self-describing" data structures: Everyday Italian Giada De Laurentiis 2005 30.00 We need to be able to retrieve information from XML documents. There are two different methods for retrieving information from XML documents in their native form (without transferring them to an RDBMS): ▫SAX (Simple API for XML) also called the "Event-Driven" Model ▫DOM (Document Object Model) CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 3

4. XML – SAX ( PHP XML Expat Parser ) In the Event-Driven (SAX) model of XML parsing there are two basic steps that we need to take. 1.We have a parser parse the entire XML document looking for specific "events" or tags. 2.We have the parser call functions to run when specific events are encountered. Advantages: This method is fast for single queries and transformations and uses very little memory! Disadvantages: This method it is slow under repeated queries (each pass is a full DFS of the document and is cumbersome. CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 4

5. XML-DOM In the DOM model of XML parsing there are two basic steps that we need to take. 1.First we parse the entire document and create (in memory) a tree of nodes (objects) based on the XML document. 2.We can then search only the parts of the tree we are interested in using node relationships to limit our search. Advantages: This method is much simpler, more intuitive, and can support high level query languages like XPath and XQuery. Disadvantages: This method uses a LOT of memory!!! (2-5 times document size... at this time). CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 5

6. xmlDoc=loadXMLDoc("books.xml"); x=xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("title")[0]; y=x.childNodes[0].nodeValue; document.write(y); CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 6 Parsed into memory tree

7. AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is not a new programming language, but a new way to use existing standards. AJAX is the art of exchanging data with a server, and updating only parts of a web page - without reloading the whole page. Web pages which do not use AJAX must reload the entire page if the content change. Examples of applications using AJAX: Google Maps, Gmail, Youtube, and Facebook tabs. CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 7

8. How AJAX works CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 8

9. AJAX uses existing standards AJAX is based on internet standards, and uses a combination of: ▫ XMLHttpRequest object (to exchange data asynchronously with a server) ▫JavaScript/DOM (to display/interact with the information) ▫CSS (to style the data) ▫XML (often as a format for transferring data) AJAX applications are browser- and platform- independent CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 9

10. Starting Example function loadXMLDoc() { var xmlhttp =new XMLHttpRequest(); // code most browsers xmlhttp.onreadystatechange = function() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200) { document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML=xmlhttp.responseText; } xmlhttp.open("GET","ajax_info.txt",true); xmlhttp.send(); } Let AJAX change this text Change Content // Link is here: http://www.w3schools.com/ajax/tryit.asp?filename=tryajax_firsthttp://www.w3schools.com/ajax/tryit.asp?filename=tryajax_first CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 10

11. XMLHttpRequest Object The XMLHttpRequest object is used to exchange data with a server behind the scenes. ▫This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page, without reloading the whole page. All modern browsers (IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera) support the XMLHttpRequest object. ▫Older Microsoft browsers (IE5 and IE6) use an ActiveXObject ▫Workaround code is relatively easy. var xmlhttp; if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } else {// code for IE6, IE5 xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 11

12. XMLHttpRequest Object (cont) Once we have create our XMLHttpRequest object we need to configure it so that it can be used to communicate with the server. To send a request to a server, we use the open() and send() methods: xmlhttp.open("GET","ajax_info.txt",true); xmlhttp.send(); CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 12

13. Details of the open method open( http-method, url, async) method, ▫GET or POST ▫GET is simpler and faster than POST, and can be used in most cases. ▫Use POST requests when:  A cached file is not an option  Sending a large amount of data to the server (POST has no size limitations)  Sending user input (unknown characters), POST is more robust and secure than GET CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 13

14. Details of the open method open( http-method, url, async) url is an address url can be FQDN or relative reference End of url can be any kind of file like.txt and.xml server scripting files like.asp and.php serve side scripting files can perform actions on the server including processing user generated input before sending the response back CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 14

15. Details of the open method open( http-method, url, async) async == Asynchronous? (True or False) ▫In order for an XMLHttpRequest object to behave as AJAX, the async parameter has to be true ▫With AJAX, the JavaScript does not have to wait for the server response, but can instead execute other scripts while waiting for response. ▫Using async=false is not recommended, but for a few small requests this can be ok.  Remember that JavaScript will NOT continue to execute, until the server response is ready. If server is busy or slow, the application will hang or stop. CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 15

16. Server Response To get the response from a server, use the responseText or responseXML property of the XMLHttpRequest object. ▫responseText : get the response data as a string ▫responseXML: get the response data as XML data CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 16

17. responseText If the response from the server is not XML, use the responseText property The responseText property returns the response as a string, and you can use it accordingly: CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 17 x = xmlhttp.responseText; // This next line changes the html document document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML = x;

18. responseXML If the response from the server is XML, and you want to parse it as an XML object, use the responseXML property: CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 18 xmlDoc = xmlhttp.responseXML; txt=""; x = xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("title"); for (i=0;i "; } document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML=txt;

19. onreadystatechange Event When a request to a server is sent, we want to perform some actions based on the response. The onreadystatechange event-listener is triggered every time the readyState changes. The readyState property holds the status of the XMLHttpRequest onreadystatechange: Stores a function (or the name of a function) to be called automatically each time the readyState property changes CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 19

20. readyState & Status Codes readyState ▫Holds the status of the XMLHttpRequest. Changes from 0 to 4: 0: request not initialized 1: server connection established 2: request received 3: processing request 4: request finished and response is ready status ▫200: "OK" ▫404: Page not found CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 20

21. onreadystatechange Event-Listener In the onreadystatechange event-listener, we specify what will happen when the ready state status is changed (it will change at least 4 times) When readyState is 4 and status is 200, the response is ready: CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 21 xmlhttp.onreadystatechange = function() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200) { document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText ; } }

22. Sources Lab 8 will give you an opportunity to get some hands-on experience with AJAX. ▫JavaScript: If you don’t already know something about Javascript, then you should run through the basics of the w3schools’ Javascript tutorial. Go to http://www.w3schools.com/js/ http://www.w3schools.com/js/ ▫XML DOM: If you don’t already know something about XML and the DOM of accessing XML, then you should run through the basics of this technology. Go to http://www.w3schools.com/dom http://www.w3schools.com/dom CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 22

23. You got this! CISC3140-Meyer-lec8 23