1. Energy and microbial life

2. Universal Energy Currency What molecules serve as “instant energy packets” for all living cell?

3. ATP Energy Currency of ALL Living Cells

4. Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

5. ATP “Adenosine Tri-Phosphate” Universal Energy Currency for ALL life forms on Earth humans, worms, daffodils, bacteria) Are Energy “quarters” Examples:

6. How do we rebuild “broken” ATP (We need to replenish our ATP!) ATP  ADP + P + ENERGY to do stuff HOW get energy so that: Energy + ADP + P  ATP???

7. ANSWER: We get energy to rebuild our ATPs from: FOOD!

8. IMPORTANT! Breaking down food intro small pieces = Digestion (Hydrolysis!) Breaking the covalent bond of the small food pieces (like glucose) to release stored energy = RESPIRATION (Cellular Respiration) (Cellular Respiration)

9. Two Types of Cellular Respiration (Two ways to get E from food!) Anaerobic  Glucose is partially broken down into 2 pyruvates  Occurs in cytoplasm  Yields 2 ATPs (NET)  Does NOT Require oxygen gas!! (O 2 )”  Performed by ?? Aerobic  Glucose (2 pyruvates) completely broken down  Occurs in mitochondria  Yields 36 ATPs (NET)  DOES require oxygen gas!! (O 2 )  Performed by ??

10. Anaerobic Cell. Respiration (it’s not pretty!)

11. What happens when you put yeast in grape juice and incubate? Hint: Anaerobic Respiration aka “Fermentation” Anaerobic Respiration aka “Fermentation” (See board)

12. What happens when you put bacteria in milk and incubate? Hint: Anaerobic Respiration aka “Fermentation” Anaerobic Respiration aka “Fermentation” (See board)

13. How does Aerobic Cellular Respiration Work? Glucose fragments (pyruvates) are transported into a mitochondrion Remember: Mitochondria only function in presence of oxygen gas!

14. How does Aerobic Cellular Respiration Work? Mitochondria completely “pulverize” the glucose “halves”, (pyruvate). Most of the covalent bonds are broken; the atoms are now only bonded in the form of water and carbon dioxide. The water & CO2 are released as waste products. As the covalent bonds are broken (See above.) enough energy is released to re- build 32 more ATP.

15. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Questions Why do we need oxygen to live? What does cyanide do?

16. (Bacteria Review) What do you already know about bacteria??

17. Major Episodes in the History of Life Visual Summary 15.1 Millions of years ago 475 570 1,000 1,700 2,500 3,500 4,500 Major Episode Plants and fungi colonize land All major animal phyla established First multicellular organisms Oldest eukaryotic fossils Accumulation of atmospheric 0 2 Oldest prokaryotic fossils Origin of Earth

18. Two types of Prokaryotic organisms: Eubacteria (bacteria) and Archaea Visual Summary 15.3 Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea (e.g., extremophiles)

19. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several respects Figure 4.4 Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Organelles

20. The Two Major Categories of Cells SUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTS Visual Summary 4.1

21. Figure4.5x2

22. What’s going on?

23. Review of Prokaryote Structure Plasma membrane Outer cell wall Big loop of DNA Little loops of DNA (plasmids) RibosomesCytoplasm

24. Detriments to Humans Bad breath, tooth decay Food poisoning Some are pathogenic pathogenic – Some diseases caused by bacteria: Strep throat, “staph” infectionStrep throat, “staph” infection Cholera, “The Plague”Cholera, “The Plague” Syphilis, gonorrhea,Syphilis, gonorrhea,

25. How cure bacterial infections? (Antibiotics)

26. Homework: Should we drop “bacteria bomb?” Are there benefits to bacteria that outweigh their detriments to humans?