1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Section 2 Identifying Minerals Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter 3 Table of Contents

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Bellringer Compare the piece of pencil lead and the diamond in the photograph provided by your teacher. Both substances are composed of carbon. How can the same element form two substances with such different properties? Record your response in your science journal. Chapter 3

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Describe the structure of minerals. Describe the two major groups of minerals. Objectives

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Mineral Structure A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure. You can tell whether an object is a mineral by asking four questions.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Mineral Structure, continued Is it a nonliving material? Is it a solid? Does it have a crystalline structure? Is it formed in nature?

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Mineral Structure, continued To understand what a crystalline structure is, you need to know a little about the elements that make up a mineral. Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Elements Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Mineral Structure, continued Atoms and Compounds Minerals may be either elements or compounds. A compound is a substance made of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Compounds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Mineral Structure, continued A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a native element. Gold and silver are examples of native elements.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Mineral Structure, continued Solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms that is present through- out the mineral are called crystals. A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms within the crystal. The arrangement of atoms in turn is determined by the kinds of atoms that make up the mineral.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Two Groups of Minerals Minerals are divided into two groups based on their chemical composition. Silicate minerals are minerals that contain a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. Examples of silicate minerals are quartz, feldspar, and mica.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter 3 Two Groups of Minerals, continued Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. There are six main classes of nonsilicate minerals. Native Elements Carbonates Halides Oxides Sulfates Sulfides

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Bellringer Look at the mineral samples provided by your teacher. List as many phrases as you can to describe each sample. Organize these phrases into categories to determine whether or not each sample is a different mineral. Record your response in your science journal. Chapter 3

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Identify seven ways to determine the identity of minerals. Explain special properties of minerals. Objectives

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Identifying Minerals You can determine the identity of a mineral by noting different properties. Color Minerals display a wide variety of colors, and often the same mineral can be found in many different colors. Because of this, color is usually not the best way to identify a mineral.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Identifying Minerals, continued The way a mineral reflects light is called luster. There are three types of mineral luster: Metallic Submetallic Nonmetallic

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Identifying Minerals, continued The color of a mineral in powdered form is called the mineral’s streak. A mineral’s streak can be found by running the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate. The color of a mineral’s streak is not always the same as the color of the mineral sample.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Cleavage and Fracture Different types of minerals break in different ways. Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces. Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Hardness A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called hardness. To determine the hardness of minerals, scientists use Mohs hardness scale, shown on the next slide.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Density Density is the measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. Density is a ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. Different minerals have different densities.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3 Special Properties Some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals. The properties shown on the next slide can help you quickly identify some minerals.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Identifying Minerals Chapter 3

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Bellringer Look at a mineral resource map of your state and locate the mines closest to where you live. Which mineral commodities are mined there? Write your response in your science journal. Chapter 3

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Compare the two types of mining. Describe two ways to reduce the effects of mining. Describe different uses for metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Objectives Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Mining Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined to extract the valuable elements they contain. Geologists use the term ore to describe a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit. Rocks and minerals are removed from the ground by one of two methods. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Mining, continued Surface Mining When mineral deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth, surface- mining methods are used to remove the minerals. Types of surface mines include open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Mining, continued Subsurface Mining methods are used when mineral deposits are located too deep within the Earth to be surface mined. Subsurface mining often requires that passageways be dug into the Earth to reach the ore. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Responsible Mining Mining gives us the minerals we need, but it may also create problems. Mining can destroy or disturb the habitats of plants and animals. Waste products from a mine may get into water sources, which pollutes surface water and ground water. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 Responsible Mining, continued One way to reduce the potential harmful effects of mining is to return the land to its original state after the mining is completed. Reclamation is the process by which land used for mining is returned to its original state. Reducing our need for minerals by recycling is another way to reduce the effects of mining. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 The Use of Minerals Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft, automobiles, and communications and electronic equipment. Examples of useful metallic minerals include gold, silver, and copper. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 The Use of Minerals, continued Nonmetallic Minerals are good insulators of electricity. They have uses that range from glass- making to producing computer chips. Calcite, one nonmetallic mineral, is a major component of concrete, which is used in building roads, buildings, bridges and other structures. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 3 The Use of Minerals, continued Gemstones are highly valued for their beauty and rarity, than for their usefulness. Important gemstones include diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald, aquamarine, topaz, and tourmaline. Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 3 gems compounds atoms mineral ore mining minerals diamonds

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Chapter 3

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Chapter 3

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 3