1. Unification of Italy & Germany

2. Vocabulary Nationalism: pride in one’s own nation; desire for independence Nation-State: a political state whose people also share the same language and culture Prussia was a nation-state of Germany Tuscany was a nation-state of Italy Risorgimento: resurgence or revival. Name given to the unification movement in Italy Realpolitik: political theory that national success justifies the use of any means Nationalism: pride in one’s own nation; desire for independence Nation-State: a political state whose people also share the same language and culture Prussia was a nation-state of Germany Tuscany was a nation-state of Italy Risorgimento: resurgence or revival. Name given to the unification movement in Italy Realpolitik: political theory that national success justifies the use of any means

3. Italy’s Struggle for Unification 1848, Giuseppe Mazzini led a republican revolution in Sicily. Later that same year, the revolutions in France & Austria sparked uprisings throughout Italy Italian forces joined to run the Austrians out of Italy Pope Pius IX opposed fighting another Catholic country (Austria) & withdrew his troops. By November 1848, angry mobs forced the Pope to flee Rome. Nationalists named Rome a republic & called Mazzini to lead the government. 1848, Giuseppe Mazzini led a republican revolution in Sicily. Later that same year, the revolutions in France & Austria sparked uprisings throughout Italy Italian forces joined to run the Austrians out of Italy Pope Pius IX opposed fighting another Catholic country (Austria) & withdrew his troops. By November 1848, angry mobs forced the Pope to flee Rome. Nationalists named Rome a republic & called Mazzini to lead the government.

4. The Struggle Continues Victor Emmanuel II became king of Sardinia His advisor, Count Camillo di Cavour sided with Britain & France in the Crimean War. Sardinia established itself with a claim to equality with other warring nations Other Italian nation-states wanted to align with Sardinia Finally in 1871, Italy became a unified country with its capital in Rome Victor Emmanuel II became king of Sardinia His advisor, Count Camillo di Cavour sided with Britain & France in the Crimean War. Sardinia established itself with a claim to equality with other warring nations Other Italian nation-states wanted to align with Sardinia Finally in 1871, Italy became a unified country with its capital in Rome

5. German Steps Toward Unity By 1815, there were 39 independent German states. Most powerful were Prussia & Austria The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation Established closer economic ties between the German states & helped pave the way for a greater political union The smaller German states feared unity because they thought it would be ruled by Austria & Prussia By 1815, there were 39 independent German states. Most powerful were Prussia & Austria The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation Established closer economic ties between the German states & helped pave the way for a greater political union The smaller German states feared unity because they thought it would be ruled by Austria & Prussia

6. Otto von Bismarck (a Prussian) 1861, William I became king of Prussia He appointed Bismarck his Prime Minister Embraced the policy of “realpolitik” & approved a new army by collecting taxes without authorization War against Denmark, Prussia joined with Austria to gain territory from Denmark The Seven Weeks War, Prussia aligned with France & Italy against Austria 1861, William I became king of Prussia He appointed Bismarck his Prime Minister Embraced the policy of “realpolitik” & approved a new army by collecting taxes without authorization War against Denmark, Prussia joined with Austria to gain territory from Denmark The Seven Weeks War, Prussia aligned with France & Italy against Austria

7. The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck believed that France & Prussia must go to war before there could be a united Germany He decided to take advantage of Napoleon III’s weak foreign policy abilities In 1868, Spain offered the crown to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, a Catholic cousin to William I France protested, but Leopold refused the crown Bismarck believed that France & Prussia must go to war before there could be a united Germany He decided to take advantage of Napoleon III’s weak foreign policy abilities In 1868, Spain offered the crown to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, a Catholic cousin to William I France protested, but Leopold refused the crown

8. The Ems Telegram William I was vacationing at the German resort of Ems, where he met with the French ambassador William I sent Bismarck a telegram describing the meeting Bismarck altered the telegram to make it seem that William I had insulted the French envoy & released it to the press Napoleon III declared war on Prussia William I was vacationing at the German resort of Ems, where he met with the French ambassador William I sent Bismarck a telegram describing the meeting Bismarck altered the telegram to make it seem that William I had insulted the French envoy & released it to the press Napoleon III declared war on Prussia

9. War Erupts Fighting began on July 19, 1870 Southern German states aligned with Prussia Prussia easily defeated France On January 18, 1871, William I became kaiser (German for emperor) of a united Germany Bismarck became chancellor (chief minister) of Germany The new empire united 25 German states into one federal nation Fighting began on July 19, 1870 Southern German states aligned with Prussia Prussia easily defeated France On January 18, 1871, William I became kaiser (German for emperor) of a united Germany Bismarck became chancellor (chief minister) of Germany The new empire united 25 German states into one federal nation