1. 26.1 Unification of Italy I. The condition of Europe prior to the growth of nationalism A. From the 1100’s to the 1800’s – central Europe was made up of numerous kingdoms, principalities, and free cities.

2. What influenced the Italians and Germans to unify these territories into nations in the 1800’s? (3 Parts)

3. A. Desire for economic growth B. Success of American Revolution C. Napoleonic Wars –Define -

4. B. NATIONALISM -desire for national independence became one of the most powerful forces at work in Europe during the 1800’s

5. C. 1815 – Italian Peninsula Divided into independent states. Many of these states had foreign rulers. Identify the foreign rulers of Italian states

6. France Austria Papal States (“of the pope)

7. D. Unification is difficult. Why? … Cultural differences Poor transportation Restrictive trade between states

8. II. Beginnings of Nationalism in Italy A. In 1830’s, Mazzini promoted the idea of a nation state. Define it and explain why this would be important to unification. “The Soul”

9. Political organization of 1 nationality instead of many People that shared similar / common culture and ideas – makes it easier to unify This was not easily achieved in Italy Mazzini’s movement of “Risorgimento” – (resurgence or revival) – to restore the greatness of the Roman Empire

10. B. Define Diplomacy to negotiate with foreign powers

11. III. Count Cavour’s Diplomacy “I have discovered the art of deceiving diplomats. I tell them the truth and they never believe me.” What does this tell you about politics/diplomacy in general? A. Cavour believed he needed to get rid of which foreign power to unify Italy? ….and what would he need? “The Brains”

12. Use of one foreign enemy to expel another Agreed to assist France (and Britain) in Crimean War In return, France (and Britain) would assist the Italians in expelling Austria Example of Realpolitik- (based on practical methods; reality – not ideology) ; whatever means necessary

13. France Austria Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II (Kingdom of Sardinia)

14. B. Now Cavour needs a war. How would he get it? Encourages nationalist revolts in Austrian controlled Lombardy Austria declares war France assists Sardinia in victory

15. IV. Garibaldi Seizes the South A. Goal: take over Kingdom of Two Sicilies and unite with rest of Italy The Sword

16. B. Where did he get training in nationalist and military methods? South America (guerrilla warfare) and United States Spanish; “little war” ; armed civilians vs. organized national army; hit and run; ambushes and raids

17. C. Garibaldi succeeds in taking the Kingdom of Two Sicilies D. Northern Italy – controlled by Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II Southern Italy – controlled by Garibaldi How were they finally unified in 1861? Southern vote to unify Garibaldi concedes to Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II = Constitutional Monarchy