1. Fundamentals of Wind Energy Paul Gipe & Assoc.

2. Power in the Wind Where  is air density (kg/m 3 ), A is area (m 2 ), and V is velocity (m/s). Paul Gipe & Assoc.

3. Air Density Paul Gipe & Assoc. Where p is air pressure (mb), R is the gas constant, and T is temperature (K)

4. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

6. Identifying the Wind Resource Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wellington, NZ

7. Paul Gipe & Assoc. Vegetative Indicators--Wind Throw Aude, France

8. Increase in Wind Speed Over Ridges Paul Gipe & Assoc.

9. Wind Sensors AnemometerWind Vane Paul Gipe & Assoc.

10. Wind Direction Paul Gipe & Assoc.

11. Seasonal Wind Distribution Paul Gipe & Assoc.

12. Rayleigh Wind Speed Distribution Paul Gipe & Assoc.

13. Weibull Wind Speed Distribution For Same Average Speed Paul Gipe & Assoc.

14. Turbulence & Obstructions Paul Gipe & Assoc.

15. Speed, Power, & Height Paul Gipe & Assoc. V/V o = (H/H o ) α P/P o = (H/H o ) 3α Where α is the surface friction coefficient. 1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies 1/4 (0.25), Suburbs 0.40, Urban

16. Increase in Wind Speed with Height

17. Increase in Power with Height

18. Change in Wind Speed & Power with Height Paul Gipe & Assoc. 1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies

19. Typical Tower Height Paul Gipe & Assoc.

21. California Wind Resources

22. Wind Resources of the Dakotas

24. Paul Gipe & Assoc. Energy in the Wind AEO (Annual Energy Output) AEO = 1/2ρ A V 3 ή (8,760 hrs/year)

25. AEO Estimating Methods Paul Gipe & Assoc. Back-of-the-Envelope (Swept Area) Simple Approximation Power Curve & Speed Distribution Method Used by the Pros Accuracy Dependent Upon Data Manufacturers’ Tables Dependent Upon Honesty of Manufacturer Software Must Know Assumptions Used (RETScreen)

26. Paul Gipe & Assoc. Rotor Dimensions

28. Measured Efficiency of Small Wind Turbines @ Wulf Field

29. AEO Small Wind Turbines

30. Conversion Efficiency Paul Gipe & Assoc.