1. 1 Helping verb 2 Past Participle Begin with the past pariciple: avoir or être J’ai Je suis Tu asTu es Il/elle/on aIl/elle/on est Nous avonsNous sommes Vous avezVous êtes Ils / elles ontIls/elles sont *AVOIR for most all verbs *ETRE for DR & MRS VAN DER TRAMPP verbs and Reflexive Verbs 3 Agreement This is the PAST PARTICIPLE. Regular Verbs follow the pattern below For –ER verbs, (-) ER then (+) É Nager→ Nagé For –IR verbs, (-) IR then (+) I Finir →Fini For –RE verbs, (-) RE then (+) U Vendre → Vendu HOWEVER many verbs are irregular. DR & MRS VAN DER TRAMPP These verbs take être Devenir (to become) –devenu(e)(s) Revenir (to come back) -revenu(e)(s) Mourir (to die) – mort(e)(s) Retourner (to return) – retourné(e)(s) Sortir (to go out) - sorti(e)(s) Venir (to come) - venu(e)(s) Arriver (to arrive) - arrivé(e)(s) Naître (to be born) - né(e)(s) Descendre (to go down) -descendu(e)(s) Entrer (to enter) - entré(e)(s) Rentrer (to return) - rentré(e)(s) Tomber (to fall) - tombé(e)(s) Rester (to stay) - resté(e)(s) Aller (to go) - allé(e)(s) Monter (to go up) - monté(e)(s) Partir (to leave) – parti(e)(s) Passer (to pass) – passé(e)(s) IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES: Avoir (to have) – eu Mettre (to put) – mis Boire (to drink) - bu Pleuvoir (to rain) – plu Connaître (to know) –connu Prendre (to take) – pris Devoir (to must) – dû Pouvoir (to can) - pû Dire (to say) – dit Recevoir (to receive) – reçu Écrire (to write) – écrit Savoir (to know) - su Être (to be) – été Voir (to see) – vu Faire (to do) – fait Vouloir (to want)- voulu Lire (to read) – lu THERE ARE MORE IRREG. PPs THAN THIS! :o( DON’T FORGET to make the Past Participle agree with the subject if: The helping verb is être For feminine, add an extra E For masculin plural, add an S For feminine plural, add ES EX: Elle est allée Nous sommes allé(e)s Elles se sont peignées The Past Participle agrees with preceding direct objects, as well (Helping Verb Avoir/Être): Voilà les tartes qu’elle a faites (tartes = fpl) Elle les a faites hier. What is the Perfect Tense? In French you use the Perfect Tense (le passé composé) to say what you have done at a certain moment in the past. REFLEXIVE VERBS Take être when reflexive. Agree past participle! Elle s’est brossée les dents Ils se sont couchés

2. “SPECIAL VERBS” – Dr. & Mrs. Vandertrampp verbs that can sometimes be conjugated with avoir Transitive verbs have a direct object. This means that the verb’s action transfers directly to an object that is not the subject. EX: The shelf holds three plates.*Subject = The shelf ; Direct object = three plates – what does the shelf hold? Three plates The child broke the vase*Subject = The child ; Direct Object = the vase – what did the child break? The vase. Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object. The verb directly affects nothing. EX: This cactus thrives under the sun*Subject = This cactus; No direct object (what does the cactus “thrive” … ridiculous question that cannot be answered) The train from Bordeaux arrived late. *Subject = This cactus; No direct object (what does the train “arrive”? … again, a ridiculous question. Intransitive Sense:Transitive Sense: Descendre  Je suis descendu les escaliers I went down (descended) the stairs Descendre  J’ai descendu les valises I brought the suitcases down Monter  Je suis monté les escaliers I went up (climbed) the stairs Monter  J’ai monté les valises I brought the suitcases up Passer  On est passé près du Grand Canyon We passed by the Grand Canyon Passer  On a passé un mois en France We spent a month in France Rentrer  Elle est rentrée tard. She got home (arrived) late Rentrer  Elle a rentré le chien She brought the dog in Retourner  Vous êtes retournés de Paris? Have you guys come back (returned) from Paris? Retourner  Vous avez retourné le livre du bibliothèque? Did you you return your library book? Sortir  Il est sorti avec ses copains He went out with his friends Sortir  Il a sorti la poubelle He took the trash out