1. The Rise of Segregation

2. Sharecropping  After Reconstruction most African Americans are living in conditions no better than slavery  Technically they were free but very few could escape the impoverished conditions  Sharecroppers: Landless farmers who gave a share of their crop to the landlord to cover their costs for rent and farming supplies  “Cycle of Poverty”

3. Exodus to Kansas  Mass migration of African Americans from the South to Kansas  Kansas = The land of Abolitionist John Brown and more Progressive and Tolerant  Led by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton: Former Slave, Abolitionist, and Community leader

4. Colored Farmers’ National Alliance  African Americans who stayed in the South joined the fight with other poor white farmers  Set up cooperatives and many African Americans joined the Populist Party  Threatened by the power of the Populist, Democrats use racism to try and win back the poor white vote in the South

5. 15 th Amendment ???  Right to vote shall not be denied by any citizen based on race, color, or previous conditions of servitude  Loophole: Doesn’t bar the government from requiring that citizens be literate or own property

6. Poll Taxes  Citizens must pay a sum of money in order to vote  Most African Americans can’t afford this fee

7. Literacy Tests  Most African Americans can’t read and the ones who can don’t fare any better  Complicated Passages from Constitution filled with legalese and convoluted sentences  Write down the section as the registrar spoke it  Asked to interpret questions based on the excerpt you just read

8. What about the poor illiterate Whites?  Whites were given simple passages as election officials were far less strict in applying these tests  Grandfather Clause: Any man may vote as long as an ancestor had voted before

9. Jim Crow Laws  “Jump Jim Crow”  A song and dance done by a white performer in black face during the 1820’s  Lampooned African Americans as being ignorant, lazy and buffoonish

10. Jim Crow Laws = Legalized Segregation  Mandated de jure Segregation of all Public Facilities including:  Public Schools  Public Places  Public Transportation  Restaurants  Hotels  Theaters

11. Bus Station

12. Restaurant in Louisville, KY

13. Schools

14. Drinking Fountain

15. Plessy v. Ferguson  Homer Plessy challenges a Louisiana law that forced him to ride in a separate railcar  He was arrested for riding in a white’s only car  1896 Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana Law and endorsed a new doctrine of “Separate but Equal”

16. Separate but Equal?  Ruling establishes the legal basis for discrimination for over 50 years  While Public Facilities for African Americans were separate, they were far from being equal  Almost always drastically inferior

17. Lynching of African Americans  Huge Spectacles with 100’s watching  Consisted of Hanging the Victim, Mutilating, and then burning the body

18. African Americans Respond  Ida B. Wells  Journalist who launches a campaign against lynching  Believed that lynching was a result of economics and greed

19. Booker T. Washington  Born into slavery became a successful educator, orator, and author  Wanted African Americans to focus on Economic goals as opposed to Legal or Political ones

20. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition Speech  Presented to a mostly white crowd at the Cotton States and International Exposition  “We shall constitute one third of the ignorance and crime of the south or one- third of its intelligence and progress”  Wanted the whites to rely on African American Labor and not immigrant  Washington actually endorsed segregation by claiming that blacks and whites could exist as separate fingers of a hand

21. W.E.B. Du Bois  Concerned with African American voting rights  Helped found the NAACP  Disagreed with Washington’s integration of blacks into the community, wanted equal rights, self government, and unity for African people  Du Bois called Washington’s speech the “Atlanta Compromise”