1. The Protestant Reformation

2. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16 c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice- regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

3. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

4. Causes of the Reformation? Printing Press –Facilitates spread of CRITICISM –Wycliffe (1329-1384) England –Hus (1369-1415) Czech –a’ Kempis (1380-1471) –Erasmus (1509)

5. Causes of the Reformation?  Church corruption: …  Avignon Papacy  Conciliarism (internal movement in Catholic Church)  Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace] Attacked papal authority (advocating monarchical power) The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!  Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy  Alternative approaches to Christianity had NO need for the apparatus provided by the Church and clergy  Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe owned by church  Papal need for money  indulgences

6. The Spread of the Printing Press

7. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c

8. Martin Luther At father’s urgings began to study law at the U of Erfurt. Epiphany Augustinian Monk and later Professor at U. of Wittenberg, Saxony Philosophical problem- How could good works ensure salvation?

9. Tetzel and Indulgences Crusades Cathedral of Saint Peter Leo X commissioned Tetzel to sell indulgences to finance this venture “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”

10. 95 Theses October 31, 1517 Nailed or delivered???? Criticism of Church authority –Questioned scriptural authority –Initial indifference from Leo X –Defiance & protection –Debate –1520 Published theology of reform –Excommunication- 1520 Exurge Domine

12. The Spread of Lutheranism

13. Diet of Wurms (Worms) 1521 Mandated for excommunications by Charles V Luther refused to recant –“Here I stand, I can do no other” “Edict of Wurms” Protected by Frederick III Confessions of Augsburg 1530 Many German states turn to Lutheranism –Seizure of Catholic Church lands

14. Charles V, HRE (Hapsburg) STOP the spread of Protestantism Tried to maintain religious unity in fragmented Empire Focused on war with Ottomans and dynastic struggle in France

15. The Peasant Revolt – 1524-1525

16. aka Peasant’s War, German Peasant’s Revolt, Swabian Peasant’s Uprising Twelve Articles: –Demanded end to serfdom, tithes, hunting rights, & other feudal practices Peasants resort to extreme violence Luther –People should obey worldly authorities –Sympathetic but abhors their violence –Urges German princes to meet violence with violence. –BOTH Catholic and Lutheran forces will take part in smashing the revolt- est 100k dead

17. Taking Sides Schmalkalden League –Formed by Lutheran princes to defend against Charles V –Francis I of France allies with Habsburg-Valois Wars (5X—1521-55) –Catholic France supports Lutherans to keep Germany divided –Charles wins but at what cost? Lutheranism spreads everywhere Charles gives up on restoring Catholicism to the HRE

18. 1555 Peace of Augsburg Cuius regio, eius religio Voluntary(?) resettlement by religion Results in permanent religious division Reaffirms the independence of many German states This division stunted German nationalism; Germany will not be unified as a state until 1871

19. MORE PROTESTANTS Anabaptists: –Rejected secular agreements –No childhood baptism –Millinarians –Rejected the Tinity Longterm –Mennonites –Quakers –Unitarians

20. Calvin’s World in the 16 c

21. calvinism John Calvin 1509-1564 Studies as a priest and then a…. –LAWYER Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) –“Predestination” –Theocracy in Zurich 1540 –Consistory –Presbyterianism –Puritans

22. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16 c )

23. Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )