1. Confederation to Constitution 1776: 2 nd Continental Congress declares independence; PA creates democratic state constitution 1781 : Articles of Confederation ratified by the states 1783: Treaty of Paris 1785: Land Ordinance organizes western territory 1786: Shay’s Rebellion 1787: Northwest Ordinance; Constitutional Convention 1789: Constitution goes into effect; Judiciary Act establishes a federal court system 1790: Rhode Island (last of the 13) ratifies 1791: Bill of Rights ratified; Congress Charters First Bank of the U.S.

2. National Period – Our Country Grows 1793: Proclamation of Neutrality; begin two party system between Federalists and Republicans 1794: Whiskey Rebellion 1798: Alien, Sedition & Naturalization Acts; Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1800: Jefferson elected – “Revolution of 1800” 1801: John Marshall appointed to Supreme Court by Adams 1803: Louisiana Purchase; Marbury v. Madison 1804-1806: Lewis & Clark explore the west 1807: Embargo Act 1810: Fletcher v Peck

3. National Period – Our Country Grows 1812: War of 1812 1814: Treaty of Ghent (ends war) 1819: Dartmouth College v Woodward; McCulloch v Maryland 1820: Missouri Compromise 1823: Monroe Doctrine 1824: Gibbons v Ogden 1828: Tariff of Abominations 1832: Bank War; election of Andrew Jackson 1834: Whig party forms (two-party American politics returns)

4. Key Supreme Court Rulings for a New Government 1803: Marbury v Madison asserts principle of Judicial Review 1810: Fletcher v Peck protects property rights through a broad reading of Constitution’s contract clause 1819: Dartmouth College v Woodward safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations 1819: McCulloch v Maryland interprets Constitution to give broad powers to the national government 1824: Gibbons v Ogden gives national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce

5. John Marshall: the last powerful Federalist? Supported the Necessary and Proper Clause and the supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution If the goal is “legitimate [and] within the scope of the Constitution, [then] all means which are appropriate” to secure that goal are also Constitutional. the “power to tax involves the power to destroy”