1. Metabolism of lipids Vladimíra Kvasnicová

2. Lipids = group of biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions and soluble in organic solvents structural components of biological membranes energy reserves, predominantly in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) excellent mechanical and thermal insulators biologically active compounds (vitamins, hormones, bile acids, visual pigment)

3. The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005

4. Structural components of lipids alcohols  glycerol (a)  sfingosine (b)  cholesterol (c)  inositol (d) long chain carboxylic acids (= fatty acids) The figures are adopted from http://en.wikipedia.org (April 2007)http://en.wikipedia.org a) b) c) d)

5. The figure is found at http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Lipids.htm (Jan 2007)http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Lipids.htm Free Fatty Acids (FFA)

6. The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005

7. The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/overheads-2/ch11_lipid-struct.jpg (Jan 2007)http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/overheads-2/ch11_lipid-struct.jpg Structure of lipids

8. The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/overheads- 2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg (Jan 2007) http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/overheads- 2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg

9. The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2 nd edition, Thieme 2005

10. The figure is found at http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/3.21.jpg (Jan 2007)http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/3.21.jpg Structure of phospholipid

11. The figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#phospholipids (Jan 2007)http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#phospholipids sphingosine ceramide = amide formed from sphingosine and fatty acid

12. Choose compounds counting among lipids a)glycerol b)triacylglycerols c)ketone bodies d)cholesterol

13. Choose compounds counting among lipids a)glycerol b)triacylglycerols c)ketone bodies d)cholesterol Aceton The fiugure is from the book: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley ‑ Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0 ‑ 471 ‑ 15451 ‑ 2

14. The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.

22. typesourceprincipal lipidsimportant apoproteins they transport: chylo- microns intestineTAGB-48, C-II, E TAG from a diet to various tissues CHM remnants chylo- microns (CHM) cholesterol, TAG, phospholipids B-48, Eremnants of chylomicrons to the liver VLDLliverTAGC-II, B-100newly synthetized TAG to other tissues IDLVLDLcholesterol, TAG, phospholip. B-100VLDL remnants to other tissues LDLVLDLcholesterolB-100cholesterol to extrahepat. tissues HDLlivercholesterol, phospholipids, store of apoprot. A-I, E, C-IIcholesterol from tissues back to the liver Lipoproteins

23. Choose correct statements about a transport of lipids in blood a)triacylglycerols are transfered mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL b)free fatty acids are bound to albumin c)cholesterol is transfered mainly by HDL and LDL d)ketone bodies do not need a transport protein

24. Choose correct statements about a transport of lipids in blood a)triacylglycerols are transfered mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL b)free fatty acids are bound to albumin c)cholesterol is transfered mainly by HDL and LDL d)ketone bodies do not need a transport protein

25. The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/o verheads-3/ch17_lipid-adipocytes.jpg (Jan 2007) http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/o verheads-3/ch17_lipid-adipocytes.jpg Releasing of free fatty acids from TAG of fatty tissue and their followed transport to target cells

26. namesourcelocation of its action functionproperties acid stable lipase stomach hydrolysis of TAG composed of short chain fatty acids stability in low pH pancreatic lipase pancreassmall intestine hydrolysis of TAG to 2 fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol needs pancreatic colipase lipoprotein lipase extra- hepatic tissues inner surface of blood vessels hydrolysis of TAG found in VLDL and chylomicrons activated by apoC-II hormon sensitive lipase adipocytescytoplasm of adipocytes hydrolysis of reserve triacylglycerols activated by phosphory- lation acidic lipasevarious tissues lysosomeshydrolysis of TAGacidic pH- optimum Lipases

27. Degradation of phospholipids (hydrolysis) The figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#phospholipids (Jan 2007)http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#phospholipids

28. regulatory enzymeactivationinhibition hormone sensitive lipase (in adipocytes)  catecholamines, glucagon (phosphorylation)  insulin  prostaglandins lipoprotein lipase (inner surface of blood vessels)  insulin  apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) Regulation of lipolysis

29. The figure is found at http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/betaoxidationPathway.asp (Jan 2007)http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/betaoxidationPathway.asp  -oxidation of fatty acids (1 cycle) dehydrogenation

30. The figure was accepted from the book: Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley ‑ Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0 ‑ 471 ‑ 15451 ‑ 2 Transport of fatty acids into a mitochondrion CARNITIN TRANSPORTER cytoplasm

31. Carnitine acyltransferase regulates  -oxidation regulatory enzymeactivationinhibition carnitin palmitoyltransferase I (carnitin acyltransferase)  malonyl-CoA (= intermediate of FA synthesis)

32. The figure was found at http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/omegaoxidationPathway.asp (January 2007)http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/omegaoxidationPathway.asp Omega-oxidation of fatty acids (endoplasmic reticulum; minority pathway for long chain FA)

33.  -oxidation of fatty acids a)proceeds only in the liver b)produces NADPH+H + c)is localized in mitochondria d)is activated by malonyl-CoA

34.  -oxidation of fatty acids a)proceeds only in the liver b)produces NADPH+H + c)is localized in mitochondria d)is activated by malonyl-CoA

35. The figure is found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ketogenesis.png (Jan 2007) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ketogenesis.png Ketone bodies synthesis (= ketogenesis) proceeds if  -oxidation is  ounly in the liver: mitochondria Acetyl-CoA OH

36. The figure is found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ketogenesis.png (Jan 2007) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ketogenesis.png Ketone bodies synthesis (= ketogenesis) proceeds if  -oxidation is  ounly in the liver: mitochondria HMG-CoA is formed also in a cytoplasm during cholesterol synthesis ! Acetyl-CoA OH

37. regulatory enzymeactivationinhibition hormon sensitive lipase (lipolysis in fatty tissue)   ratio glucagon / insulin  catecholamines  ratio insulin / glucagon carnitin acyltransferase I (transfer of fatty acids into mitochondria)  malonyl-Co A   ratio insulin / glucagon Regulation of ketogenesis

38. The figure is found at http://www.richmond.edu/~jbell2/19F18.JPG (Jan 2007)http://www.richmond.edu/~jbell2/19F18.JPG Ketone bodies degradation (oxidation) proceeds during starvation in extrahepatic tissues as an alternative energy source (in a brain as well) Citrate cycle

39. Ketone bodies a)are synthesized from acetyl-CoA b)are produced by muscle tissue as a consequence of increased fatty acid oxidation c)serve as an energy substrate for erythrocytes d)can be excreted with urine

40. Ketone bodies a)are synthesized from acetyl-CoA b)are produced by muscle tissue as a consequence of increased fatty acid oxidation c)serve as an energy substrate for erythrocytes d)can be excreted with urine

41. The figure is found at http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514270312/html/graphic22.png (Jan 2007) http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514270312/html/graphic22.png Fatty acid synthesis (1 cycle)

42. „activated carbon“

43. The figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#synthesis (Jan 2007)http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#synthesis Transport of acetyl-CoA from a mitochondrion to the cytoplasm FA synthesis NADPH from pentose cycle

44. regulatory enzymeactivationinhibition acetyl CoA carboxylase (key enzyme)  citrate  insulin  low-fat, energy rich high saccharide diet (induction)  acyl-CoA ( C 16 - C 18 )  glucagon (phosphorylation, repression)  lipid rich diet, starvation (repression) fatty acid synthase  phosphorylated saccharides  low-fat, energy rich high saccharide diet (induction)  glucagon (phosphorylation, repression)  lipid rich diet, starvation (repression) Regulation of fatty acid synthesis

45. The pathway of synthesis of fatty acids a)produces NADPH+H + b)starts by carboxylation of acetyl-CoA: malonyl-CoA is formed c)is localized in mitochondria d)includes reduction steps

46. The pathway of synthesis of fatty acids a)produces NADPH+H + b)starts by carboxylation of acetyl-CoA: malonyl-CoA is formed c)is localized in mitochondria d)includes reduction steps

47. synthesis  -oxidation active under the conditionssaccharide rich dietstarvation ratio insulin/glucagonhighlow the most active tissuelivermuscles, liver cellular locationcytoplasmmitochondria transport through a mitochondrial membrane citrate (= acetyl to cytoplasm) acyl-carnitin (= acyl to matrix) acyl is bound toACP-domain, CoACoA coenzymes of oxidoreductases NADPHNAD +, FAD + C 2 donor/productmalonyl-CoA = donor of acetyl acetyl-CoA = product activator / inhibitor citrate / acyl-CoA - / malonyl-CoA productpalmitic acidacetyl-CoA Comparision of fatty acid synthesis and degradation

48. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols The figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#phospholipids (Jan 2007)http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#phospholipids

49. regulatory enzymeactivationinhibition phosphatidic acid phosphatase  steroid hormones (induction) lipoprotein lipase (important for storage of TAG in a fatty tissue)  insulin  apolipoprotein C-II Regulation of TAG metabolism

50. Biosynthesis of cholesterol The figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/cholesterol.html (Jan 2007)http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/cholesterol.html regulatory enzyme

51. The figure is found at http://amiga1.med.miami.edu/Medical/Ahmad/Figures/Lecture9/Slide23.jpg (Jan 2007)http://amiga1.med.miami.edu/Medical/Ahmad/Figures/Lecture9/Slide23.jpg cholesterol synthesis ketone bodies

52. The figure is found at http://www.apsu.edu/reedr/Reed%20Web%20Pages/Chem%204320/Lecture%20Outlines/cholesterol_synthesis.htm (Jan 2007) http://www.apsu.edu/reedr/Reed%20Web%20Pages/Chem%204320/Lecture%20Outlines/cholesterol_synthesis.htm activated isoprene Synthesis of cholesterol consumes ATP

53. The figure is found at http://www.apsu.edu/reedr/Reed%20Web%20Pages/Chem%204320/Lecture%20Outlines/cholesterol_synthesis.htm (Jan 2007) http://www.apsu.edu/reedr/Reed%20Web%20Pages/Chem%204320/Lecture%20Outlines/cholesterol_synthesis.htm activated isoprene: two frorms

54. The figure is found at http://www.apsu.edu/reedr/Reed%20Web%20Pages/Chem%204320/Lecture%20Outlines/cholesterol_synthesis.htm (Jan 2007) http://www.apsu.edu/reedr/Reed%20Web%20Pages/Chem%204320/Lecture%20Outlines/cholesterol_synthesis.htm

55. regulatory enzymeactivationinhibition HMG-CoA reductase  insulin, thyroxine (induction)  cholesterol  glucagon (repression)  oxosterols (repression) Regulation of cholesterol synthesis

56. Cholesterol a)is synthesized in mitochondria b)synthesis includes the same intermediate as ketogenesis: acetone c)can be broken down to acetyl-CoA d)is synthesized if the ratio insulin/glucagon is low

57. Cholesterol a)is synthesized in mitochondria b)synthesis includes the same intermediate as ketogenesis: acetone c)can be broken down to acetyl-CoA d)is synthesized if the ratio insulin/glucagon is low