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Electrons in Atoms. Energy level (shell) SublevelsOrbitalsNumber of electrons 1s1 s orbital2 2s, p1 s orbital 3 p orbitals 8 3s, p, d1 s orbital 3 p orbitals.

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Presentation on theme: "Electrons in Atoms. Energy level (shell) SublevelsOrbitalsNumber of electrons 1s1 s orbital2 2s, p1 s orbital 3 p orbitals 8 3s, p, d1 s orbital 3 p orbitals."— Presentation transcript:

1 Electrons in Atoms

2 Energy level (shell) SublevelsOrbitalsNumber of electrons 1s1 s orbital2 2s, p1 s orbital 3 p orbitals 8 3s, p, d1 s orbital 3 p orbitals 5 d orbitals 18 4s, p, d, f1 s orbital 3 p orbitals 5 d orbitals 7 f orbitals 32

3 A s orbitals: Hold 2 electrons (outer orbitals of Groups 1 and 2) B p orbitals: Each of 3 pairs of lobes holds 2 electrons = 6 electrons (outer orbitals of Groups 13 to 18) C d orbitals: Each of 5 sets of lobes holds 2 electrons = 10 electrons (found in elements with atomic no. of 21 and higher) Kelter, Carr, Scott,, Chemistry: A World of Choices  1999, page 82

4 Valence electrons: Electrons in the outer most shell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 1214 5 1 Total Electrons

5 DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons, and circles to show the shells. For example; Nitrogen N XX X X XX X N 7 14

6 DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements; OP 815 16 31 a)b) O X X X X X X X X Cl X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

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9 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

10 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

11 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

12 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

13 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

14 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

15 How many electrons are in the first three energy levels? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

16 Pauli Exclusion Principle Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.

17 Aufbau Principle Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. Where would you want to sit at a baseball game or concert

18 RIGHT WRONG Hund’s Rule Within a sublevel, place one e - per orbital before pairing them. “Empty Bus Seat Rule”

19 © 1998 by Harcourt Brace & Company s p d (n-1) f (n-2) 12345671234567 6767

20 Hydrogen is an odd ball. It’s grouped with the alkali metals because it has a similar outer shell electron configuration as they do. It’s not metal? Also needs one electron. yCopyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

21 Period # (Row) indicates the highest energy level (subtract for d & f) Group # (Column) Indicates the total # of valence e - Column within sublevel block # of e - in sublevel

22 Mendeleev The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties. Horizontal rows are called PERIODS Vertical columns are called GROUPS

23 HHe LiBeBCNOFNe Na MgMg AlSiPSClAr KCaFeNi CuCu ZnBrKr AgIXe Pt AuAu HgHg Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this correspond to their group number) E.g. all group 1 metals have __ electron in their outer shell These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell These elements have __ electrons in their outer shells

24 s-block1st Period 1s 1 1st column of s-block Example - Hydrogen

25 O 8e - Orbital Diagram zElectron Configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 1s 2s 2p

26 zShorthand Configuration S 16e - Valence Electrons Core Electrons S16e - [Ne] 3s 2 3p 4 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4 Longhand Configuration

27 Shorthand Configuration Core e - : Go up one row and over to the Noble Gas. Valence e - : On the next row, fill in the # of e - in each sublevel.

28 yneon's electron configuration (1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ) y[y[Ne] 3s 1 ythird energy level yone electron in the s orbital yorbital shape yNyNa = [1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ] 3s 1 yelectron configuration yAyAyAyA yByByByB yCyCyCyC yDyDyDyD

29 [Ar]4s 2 3d 10 4p 2 Example - Germanium

30 Full energy level zFull sublevel (s, p, d, f) zHalf-full sublevel

31 An ATOM with a charge Different # of electrons Atomic # = Proton # Atomic mass = Protons + Neutrons A cation - positive ion formed when an atom loses electrons. Example: Na + An anion - negative ion is formed when an atom gains electrons Example: Cl -

32 Ion Formation Atoms gain or lose electrons to become more stable.

33 O 2- 10e - [He] 2s 2 2p 6 Ion Electron Configuration Write the e - config for the closest Noble Gas EX: Oxygen ion  O 2-  Ne

34 y[Ar] 4s 2 yElectron configurationyElement symbol y[y[Ar] 4s 2 3d 3 y[y[Rn] 7s 2 4f 14 5d 4 y[He] 2s 2 2p 5 y[y[Kr] 5s 2 4d 9 y[y[Kr] 5s 2 4d 10 5p 5 y[y[Kr] 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 y[He] 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 5 yCa yVyV ySg yFyF yAg yIyI yXe yFe

35 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yBohr Model yElectron Configuration yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yNyN yC = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 yCarbon yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiNAlArFFeLa

36 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yElectron Configuration yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yNyN yN = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 yBohr Model yNitrogen yHund’s Rule “maximum y number of unpaired orbitals”. yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiCAlArFFeLa

37 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yBohr Model yElectron Configuration yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yNyN yF = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 yFluorine yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiCNAlArFeLa

38 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yBohr Model yElectron Configuration yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yNyN yAl = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1 yAluminum yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiCNArFFeLa

39 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yElectron Configuration yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yNyN yAr = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 yBohr Model yArgon yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiCNAlFFeLa

40 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yFe = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6 yNyN yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiCNAlArFLa yBohr Model yIron yElectron Configuration

41 yEnergy Level Diagram y Arbitrary Energy Scale y1s y2s 2p y3s 3p y4s 4p 3d y 5s 5p 4d y6s 6p 5d 4f yNUCLEUS yCLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS yLa = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 y4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 5d 1 yNyN yH He Li C N Al Ar F Fe LaHHeLiCNAlArFFe yBohr Model yLanthanum yElectron Configuration

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