1. BRAZIL Struggle for Unity, Economic Modernization and Upward International Mobility: 1823 - 1964 BRAZIL Struggle for Unity, Economic Modernization and Upward International Mobility: 1823 - 1964

4. Regions of Brazil

5. REGIONS I The heartland (Southeast - 42% population, 60%GDP, 11% area) The south (15% population, 17% GDP, 7% area) The center-west ( 8% population, 6% GDP, 25% area)

6. Regions of Brazil

7. REGIONS II the north (6% population, 3% GDP, 40% area) the northeast (29% population, 13% GDP 18% area)

8. PEOPLE Amerindians Portuguese African-Brazilians Japanese Other Europeans ◦ Spanish ◦ Germans ◦ Italians

9. Road to INDEPENDENCE (1808 – 1824) Portuguese Court taken by British fleet to Rio de Janeiro Centralization under Joao VI End of the Napoleonic Wars British aid Brazilian Independence

10. Empire (1824-1889) ◦ Primacy of British Economic Influence ◦ Plantation Economy  Coffee  Cacao  Sugar ◦ Issue of Slavery ◦ French Orientation of Royal Court ◦ Conspiracy of the Fazenderos

11. First Republic 1889-1930 Decentralization The Coffee Economy ◦ Shift to São Paulo ◦ Reinvestment of profits from coffee Dominant States ◦ São Paulo ◦ Minas Gerias ◦ Rio Grande do Sul

12. Rise of Getúlio Vargas The revolution of 1930 São Paulo revolt (1932-37) O Estado Novo (1937-45) ◦ Populist ◦ Military support at the beginning

13. Brazilian Participation in World War II leads to downfall of Vargas Brazilian army fights in the Italian Theatre Initial performance discredits Vargas with the armed forces s Returning military overthrows Vargas Beginning of alienation between United States and the Brazilian left

14. Second Republic: Democracy Frustrated (1946-1964) Constitution of 1946 ◦ Modeled on U.S. constitution ◦ Structure so as not to threaten the large land owners of the Northeast Political Parties ◦ UND ◦ PSD ◦ PTB ◦ Regional - local parties

15. Second Republic: Vargas Returns (1951-1954) Vargas: “The Last Hurrah” Vargas wins as candidate of PTB ◦ Military officer corps remains suspicious ◦ Efforts to advance social revolution frightens the middle class ◦ Military exercises its “Mediating power”

16. Juscelino Kubitscheck Builds Brasilia – 800 miles from the coast

17. Brasilia: Modern Latin American Capital City

18. Janio Quadros President: 31 January 1961 - 25 August 1961 31 January 1961 - 25 August 196131 January 1961 - 25 August 1961 Reform governor of São Paulo First “UDN candidate” to be elected president Resignation after less than one year i office ◦ Surprises the military ◦ Frustrates UDN ◦ Weakens the democratic regime

19. João Goulart in power 1961-64) ◦ Temporary switch to parliamentary system ◦ Goulart assumes full power (1962) ◦ Efforts to create a pro-Vargas majority  Courting peasants in the Northeast  Strengthing labor-based infrastructure of the PTB  Courting the urban poor  Anti-American nationalism

20. End of the Second Republic Pressures for Military Intervention ◦ Conflictual social polarization ◦ Middle class fears of workers ◦ Attempt to divide the military along officer – enlisted lines ◦ Role of the United States government

21. Coup of April 1, 1964  Humberto Castelo Branco assumes power  Military demobilizes potential opponents ◦ President Goulart flees to Uruguay ◦ Key elected officials of PTB removed from office  Demobilization portrayed as temporary