2. Marketsslide 1 PRICE DETERMINATION IN MARKETS The market demand curve shows the amount demanded at every price. The market supply curve shows the amount supplied at every price. The question now is whether there is some price at which the quantities supplied and demanded are the same.

3. Marketsslide 2 EQUILIBRIUM PRICE DEFINED The equilibrium price of a good is a price at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. a price at which excess demand equals zero. At the equilibrium price there is no net tendency for price to change.

4. Marketsslide 3 Excess demand exists when, at the current price, the quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied. Excess supply exists when, at the current price, the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded.

5. Marketsslide 4 Excess supply = Q s - Q D Market for lemon-lime supply demand price quantity p = $1/can QDQD QSQS EXCESS SUPPLY

6. Marketsslide 5 Excess demand = Q D - Q S Market for lemon-lime supply demand price quantity p = $.25/can QDQD QSQS EXCESS DEMAND

7. Marketsslide 6 When there is EXCESS DEMAND for a good, price will tend to rise. When there is EXCESS SUPPLY of a good, price will tend to fall.

8. Marketsslide 7 When excess demand equals zero, price must be the equilibrium price, and we say the market is in equilibrium. If you want to find out the price at which a market is in equilibrium, then look for the price where the excess demand is zero.

9. Marketsslide 8 Economists are interested in the explaining equilibrium prices. In particular, they are anxious to explain why equilibrium prices change.

10. Marketsslide 9 What is the equilibrium price in the market for lemon-lime? Show it on the diagram. What is the equilibrium quantity of lemon-lime? p = $.50 P Q supply demand Market for lemon-lime $.25 $.75 $1 Go to hidden slide

11. Marketsslide 10 The market for lemon-lime is in equilibrium at a price of $.50 per can of lemon-lime. p = $.50 QEQE P Q supply demand Market for lemon-lime

12. Marketsslide 11 How can the price of lemon-lime change? Only if there is a change in supply, or if there is a change in demand. But remember, we already know the list of reasons why supply and demand can change.

13. Marketsslide 12 Changes in demand can be caused by: Changes in supply can be caused by: Go to hidden slide

14. Marketsslide 13 Changes in demand can be caused by changes in consumer incomes changes in the prices of substitutes changes in the prices of complements changes in tastes changes in expectations Changes in supply can be caused by changes in prices of inputs changes in technology changes in taxes changes in expectations

15. Marketsslide 14 S of Candy D for Candy Q Price Q* $ 1.00 The diagram below shows the supply and demand for Candy QUANTITY OF CANDY $2.00 INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR CANDY $1.50 QDQD QSQS EXCESS DEMAND FOR CANDY INCREASE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED OF CANDY DECREASE IN QUANTITY DEMANDED OF CANDY

16. Marketsslide 15 The following is a series of sample problems showing changes in the equilibrium prices of some goods.

17. Marketsslide 16 MSU agricultural scientists develop a new strain of corn that increases yields by about 15%. What is the effect of the improvement in technology on the market for corn? P Q p0p0 q0q0 CORN MARKET demand supply Go to hidden slide

18. Marketsslide 17 P Q p0p0 q0q0 CORN MARKET demand supply supply with improved technology p1p1 q1q1 The improvement changes supply, creating an excess supply of corn. Here's the process. Excess supply In the new equilibrium price is lower and quantity higher.

19. Marketsslide 18 Nachos and cola are complements. The price of cola rises. What is the effect on the market for nachos? P Q p0p0 q0q0 supply demand @ old cola price NACHO MARKET Go to hidden slide

20. Marketsslide 19 P Q supply p0p0 q0q0 demand @ old cola price NACHOS demand @ higher cola price p1p1 q1q1 Excess supply Nachos and cola are complements. The price of cola rises. As a result the demand for nachos falls. Here's the process: So price and quantity are both lower.

21. Marketsslide 20 p (tuition) Q p0p0 q0q0 Enrollment supply at original wage demand Classes at universities are produced using faculty labor services, and other inputs like buildings and computers. The faculty salaries increase by 10%. What is the effect on tuition and enrollment at universities? Go to hidden slide

22. Marketsslide 21 P Q p0p0 q0q0 enrollment supply at original wage demand Universities want to sell fewer enrollment places at the higher level of faculty salaries. This changes supply. Here's the process. supply at higher faculty wages Supply decreases, creating excess demand. p1p1 q1q1 Price (tuition) is higher, and enrollment drops.

23. Marketsslide 22 P Q p0p0 q0q0 Classes at Lansing Community College are an inferior good. People’s incomes fall, perhaps due to a recession. What is the effect on LCC tuition and enrollment? supply demand @ high income LCC ENROLLMENT Go to hidden slide

24. Marketsslide 23 Because classes at LCC are inferior, a decrease in income causes demand to increase. This creates an excess demand and price tends to rise. P Q p0p0 q0q0 supply demand @ high income demand @ low income LCC ENROLLMENT p1p1 q1q1 The new equilibrium will have higher tuition and enrollment Excess demand

25. Marketsslide 24 THE MARKET FOR APARTMENTS IN EAST LANSING IS IN EQUILIBRIUM, AND MSU RAISES THE PRICE OF DORM ROOMS. WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON THE MARKET FOR APARTMENTS IN EAST LANSING? P Q p0p0 q0q0 supply demand E.L. APARTMENTS Go to hidden slide

26. Marketsslide 25 P Q p0p0 q0q0 D @ old MSU price supply E.L. APARTMENTS Excess demand D @ new (higher) MSU price p1p1 q1q1 The excess demand for housing causes prices to rise. The price of MSU dorm rooms increases. Here are the steps in the move to a new equilibrium.

27. Marketsslide 26 People come to believe that eating apples is good for them. The more apples they eat, the more likely they are to stay well. What is the effect on the market for apples? P Q p0p0 q0q0 APPLE MARKET supply demand Go to hidden slide

28. Marketsslide 27 There is a change in preferences that affects demand. Here's the process. P Q p0p0 q0q0 APPLE MARKET supply demand new demand p1p1 q1q1 Demand increases, so price and quantity are higher.