1. Release 16/7/2009 Transmission Media Chapter 3 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

2. Release 16/7/2009 Chapter Objectives Discuss characteristics of cables List the various types of copper wired cables Discuss fiber optic cables List the various types of wireless transmission media Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

3. Release 16/7/2009 Recall - I Topology is a pattern of computer devices and describes the way in which these devices are connected The disadvantages of bus topology are:  Entire network gets affected if main cable breaks  Terminators are required at both ends of backbone cable  Difficult to detect the faulty device  Limited number of devices can be attached  Heavy traffic degrades performance Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

4. Release 16/7/2009 Recall - II The advantages of ring topology are:  Easier to mange as compared to Bus network  Handles large volume of traffic  Very reliable and offers great speed  Provides a good communication over a long distance  No terminators are required Types of mesh topology are:  Full mesh topology  Partial mesh topology Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

5. Release 16/7/2009 Characteristics of Cables Segment Length – Length of single wire Attenuation – Indicates loss of signal Bandwidth – Amount of data carried by cable Number of Segments – Maximum number of segments in network Cost – Copper cables are cheapest, fiber optic cables are expensive Interference susceptibility and crosstalk – Defines concept of electronic interference on cables Crosstalk- Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

6. Release 16/7/2009 Selection of cable Analyze the present and future data transmission speed required by the application. Determine if high density graphics are required in future. Consider the architecture of the network to be designed. Determine whether you want to use copper cable or fiber optic cable. See for the dispersion of devices in the network, how widely they are spaced. (Check for the suitable price of cable.) Check for backbone or a lobe to a LAN node. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

7. Release 16/7/2009 Types of cables Copper medium is the cheapest mode of data transfer Types of cables Coaxial cable Twisted pair cables Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

8. Release 16/7/2009 Coaxial cable Consist of a solid copper core surrounded by an insulator mainly made up of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) or Teflon Coaxial cables are less prone to interference (both internal and external) Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

9. Release 16/7/2009 Types of Coaxial cable Coaxial cables are mainly divided into four categories Types of Coaxial cables RG58RG8RG6RG59 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10. Release 16/7/2009 RG58 Maximum segment length is 200 meters Interference protection is better than twisted pair cables Offers resistance of 50 ohms BNC-T connector is used to connect this cable Used in thinnet (10BASE2) network Mostly used in changing environments Easy to add/remove devices form the network using RG58 cable Cheapest form of coaxial cable Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

11. Release 16/7/2009 RG8 Maximum segment length is 500 meters Interference protection is good compared to any copper cable Offers resistance of 50 ohms AUI and Vampire Tap connector is used to connect this cable Used in 10BASE5 network Expensive than RG58 Disadvantage is rigidness due to which it is only used as a backbone Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

12. Release 16/7/2009 RG6 Broadband quad-shielded cable that offers an impedance of 75 ohms Provides lower attenuation characteristics Useful in cable TV, CCTV and satellite dish antenna Covers distance up to 1500 feet (450m approx) Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

13. Release 16/7/2009 RG59 Solid conductor is surrounded by a foam polyethylene dielectric Offers impedance of 75 ohm and used with BNC connector Useful in security camera, cable TV and home theatre Covers a distance up to 1000 feet (300m approx) Has a higher attenuation as compared to other coaxial cables Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

14. Release 16/7/2009 Twisted Pair Cables A pair of cables twisted around each other forms a twisted pair cable. Twisted Pair cables Unshielded Twisted Pair Shielded Twisted pair Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

15. Release 16/7/2009 UTP Cables - I Pair of unshielded wires wound around each other Cheapest form of cables available for networking purpose Highly used in LAN environments Easy to install Easily gets affected by EMI and RFI Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

16. Release 16/7/2009 UTP Cables - I Maximum cable length – 100m Bandwidth – 100 Mbps Connector – RJ45 Bend Radius – 360 degree/feet Resistance – 50 ohm Signal Transmission Mode - Baseband Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

17. Release 16/7/2009 UTP Cable Types-I UTP Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 Cat 5e Cat 6 Cat 7 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

18. Release 16/7/2009 UTP cable types-II CAT1 – telephone cable CAT2 – 4 Mbps CAT3 – 10 Mbps, 16 MHz (10 Base T) CAT4 – 16 Mbps, 20 MHz (Token Ring) CAT5 – 100 Mbps, 100 MHz (100 Base T) CAT5e – 1000 Mbps, 100 MHz (22 Gauge) CAT6 – 1000 Mbps, 250 MHz (24 Gauge) CAT7 – 600 MHz Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

19. Release 16/7/2009 STP Cables Pair of wires wound around each other is placed inside a protective foil wrap Better protection from EMI, RFI and crosstalk as compared to UTP STP is cheaper than fiber optic cable but costlier than UTP Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

20. Release 16/7/2009 Types of STP Cables CAT5e – Operates at 350 MHz and carries data up to 1000 Mbps 150 Ohm Shielded Cable – Operates at 16 MHz Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

21. Release 16/7/2009 Case Study 1 The Mumbai branch of MoneyMaker bank has multiple departments, which are on different floors in the same building. Each department is interconnected using UTP cables. John, the network administrator has set up a client server environment and has used a star topology. The employees of the bank are unable to transmit data and information from one department to another in an efficient manner Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

22. Release 16/7/2009 Problem Data and information cannot be transmitted between the departments efficiently Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

23. Release 16/7/2009 Suggested Solution The problem is caused due to EMI emitted by the electrical transformers. John should use STP cables to interconnect the different departments located on each floor as STP provides better protection from EMI. The computers inside each department can be interconnected using UTP cables. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

24. Release 16/7/2009 Use CBT to explain fiber optic cable Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

25. Release 16/7/2009 Fiber Optic Medium - I Consists of centre glass core surrounded by cladding Electrical signals are converted into light signals A phenomenon called as total internal reflection is used for transmission LED or laser is used to transmit signal Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

26. Release 16/7/2009 Fiber Optic Medium - II Most commonly used fiber optic cable is 62.5/125 micro meter (diameter core/cladding) Pair of fibers i.e. two strands of cables contained in different cladding used to send and receive data signals Kevlar fiber is used as a sheathing material as it provides better protection Highly secure as they don’t emit any signals Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

27. Release 16/7/2009 Fiber Optic Cable Characteristics Bandwidth – Carries large amount of data ranging from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps Segment Length – Transmits data signals over larger distance (2 – 100 K.M.) Interference – No electric signals pass through these types of cables thus providing security. Used in areas that are highly susceptible to noise, e.g. near TV towers, radio stations and electric transformer. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

28. Release 16/7/2009 Fiber Optic Cable Types Fiber optic cables can carry signals in a single direction. Light signals are turned on and off in order to transmit data Fiber Optic Cable Types Single ModeMulti mode Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

29. Release 16/7/2009 Single Mode Fiber Optic cable A type of cable that has only a single strand of glass fiber with a thin diameter. Fiber optic cables that use lasers are known as single mode cable. Data can be transmitted at higher speeds and over long distances Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

30. Release 16/7/2009 Multi Mode Fiber Optic cable - I A type of cable that contains a glass fiber with a larger diameter. It is a 62.5/125 micrometer fiber cable. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

31. Release 16/7/2009 Multi Mode Fiber Optic cable - II Multiple modes of light signals can be propagated through it Transmits data over short distances Use LEDs as source of light Used to transmit two or more signals using a single fiber Speed is less as compared to single mode fiber optic cable Widely used now a days Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

32. Release 16/7/2009 Fiber Optic Cable Connectors -I Connectors depend on the different kinds of light emitting sources (LED and Laser) and light sensors used Straight Tip (ST) – Joins individual fibers to optical devices Subscriber Connector (SC) – One piece component with two slots to attach two fibers to send and receive signals Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

33. Release 16/7/2009 Fiber Optic Cable Connectors -II Medium Interface Connector (MIC) – Joins fiber to FDDI controller Sub Miniature Type A (SMA) – Uses two individual connectors for each fiber stand. This type of connection is more rugged Fiber Jack – Attaches two fibers in snap lock connector Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

34. Release 16/7/2009 Case Study 2 The Chennai branch of MoneyMaker bank has a database server. All departments are connected to this server using coaxial cables. These departments are unable to retrieve and update information from the server spontaneously. It takes a lot of time to get updated information. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

35. Release 16/7/2009 Problem The employees of the bank are unable to retrieve information from the database quickly. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

36. Release 16/7/2009 Suggested Solution The problem is caused due to the lower transmission speeds provided by the coaxial cables. These cables provide a maximum transfer rate of 10 Mbps. Thus, if all departments of the bank try to access the information from the server, the speed slows down. To increase the data transfer rate, the network administrator should use UTP Cat 6 twisted pair cables. This cable provides higher bandwidth and higher data transfer rate as compared to coaxial cables. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

37. Release 16/7/2009 Wireless Medium Unguided form of transmission medium Transmitters and receivers are used to send and receive signals Involves use of electromagnetic waves such as microwave, infrared, radio waves etc. Wireless medium is useful in connecting large geographical areas Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

38. Release 16/7/2009 Radio Waves Line of sight between devices is not required Frequencies used are VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF and EHF Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

39. Release 16/7/2009 Microwave High frequency EM wave that is used for point to point communication Microwave Categories:  Terrestrial – Relay towers are used to transmit radio signals between earth stations  Satellite – Radio signals are transmitted between different base stations using satellites Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

40. Release 16/7/2009 Infrared Transmission Uses Infrared lights for transmission and reception of signals Line of sight must be maintained between the devices Mainly used in LAN environments LEDs or Injection Laser Diode (ILD) is used to transmit information and photodiodes are used to receive the signals Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

41. Release 16/7/2009 Case Study - 3 Money Maker Bank plans to link all its branches located across India to a centralized server located in Mumbai. As all the branches are located at various geographical locations, the bank plans to maintain an account of all the transactions of each and every branch. The overhead cost of the current network is too high. So the network administrator wants to use a cost effective way. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

42. Release 16/7/2009 Problem Identify the type of setup required to connect various branches to the central server in a cost effective manner. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

43. Release 16/7/2009 Suggested Solution The bank should establish a wireless network from all the branches to the central server. This will reduce the cost of installing cables for interconnecting the branches. This will also reduce the overhead cost of maintenance of cables, as it is costlier to connect all the branches, which are spread in India, using cables. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

44. Release 16/7/2009 Media Comparison CharacteristicsUTPSTPCoaxial CablesFiber Optic Cables Bandwidth10 Mbps – 100 Mbps 10 Mbps100 Mbps - 1 Gbps Maximum cable segment100 meters 200 – 500 meters2 k.m. – 100 k.m. Interference ratingPoorBetter than UTPBetter than twisted pair wires Very good as compared to any other cable Installation costCheapCostly than UTPCostly than twisted pair wires Most costly to install Bend radius360 degrees / feet 360 degrees / feet or 30 degrees / feet 30 degrees / feet SecurityLow High Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

45. Release 16/7/2009 Summary – I Networking hardware involves all peripheral devices, interface cards and other components such as cables and wires that are used to establish network connection All cables have certain characteristics such as segment length, bandwidth, crosstalk, attenuation, interference susceptibility, cost and number of segments Different types of medium are available for transmitting data over the network such as copper medium, fiber optic medium and wireless medium Copper medium includes coaxial cables and twisted pair cables Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

46. Release 16/7/2009 Summary – II Twisted pair cable consists of a pair of cables that is twisted around each other Two types twisted pair cable are STP and UTP Crosstalk is a phenomenon in which signals of one wire interfere with the signals transmitted over the other wire To avoid crosstalk, a pair of wires wound around each other and each pair is placed inside a protective foil wrap Types of UTP cables are Cat 1, Cat 2, Cat 3, Cat 4, Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6 and Cat 7 STP cable types include Cat 5e and 150 ohm shielded cable Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

47. Release 16/7/2009 Summary – III Coaxial cables consist of a solid copper core that is surrounded by an insulator which is again covered by a mesh like ground wire and an outer cover known as a sheath Thinwire or RG-58 cable is approximately 0.64 cm in diameter and is used in constantly changing environments BNC connector is used to connect devices to the thinnet coaxial cable network RG-8 cable is approximately 1 cm in diameter and used as a backbone cable Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

48. Release 16/7/2009 Summary – IV For RG-6 cable, the center conductor is 1.05 mm in diameter and for RG-59 cable is 0.86 mm A fiber optic cable consists of a centre glass core that is surrounded by a glass cladding, Kevlar fibers and an outer sheath material LEDs and lasers are used to transmit light signals through the fiber optic cables There are two types of fiber optic cables available namely single mode and multi mode Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

49. Release 16/7/2009 Summary – V The primary types of connectors used to connect fiber cables are ST, SC, SMA, Fiber Jack and MIC In wireless medium, signals are transmitted through air and space using radio and satellite networks High frequency radio waves used for point to point communication of audio, data and video signals are called as microwaves Infrared wireless transmission networks use Infrared lights to send and receive signals Jetking Infotrain Ltd.