1. Marc Langevin, eng., Ph.D. Marc Soullière, tech. Jean Bélanger, eng. * A Real-Time Regulator, Turbine and Alternator Test Bench for Ensuring Generators Under Test Contribute to Whole System Stability

2. AC Generator in Operation  Synchronous Operation;  Operation in Islanded System;  In both modes of operation, Speed/Frequency control is required. 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 2

3. AC Generator in Operation in Both Modes  To maintain balance and stability, mechanical power must equal electric load;  After a disturbance, system frequency should reset to its set point value as fast as possible; 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 3

4. Frequency behavior of an AC generator in an islanded mode of operation 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 4

5. Frequency Behavior in a Multi-Machine System 2015-12-06 5 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

6. Important Principles Two Important Principles to Consider when Adjusting a Speed Governor:  Speed governor must be set to ensure operating stability in an islanded power system;  Speed governor must avoid contributing to natural electro-mechanical power oscillations; 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 6

7. Synchronized Generator  The synchronous interconnection transfers the stabilizing energy from the stable units to the unstable units;  But does not stabilize a power system where most of the units would be unstable in an islanded system;  Conclusion: every unit should be set to be stable in islanded operation mode. That’s the speed governor job. 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 7

8. P.S.S. Interference 2015-12-06 8 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

9. Real-Time Islanded Mode Simulator  MAKE THE ACTUAL GENERATOR BEHAVE AS IF OPERATING IN ISLANDED MODE WHILE REMAINING SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE MAIN GRID;  And set the speed governor accordingly 2015-12-06 9 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

10. Modern PID Speed Governor 2015-12-06 10 Servomotors Chain Permanent Droop IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

11. Hydraulic Turbine Non-Linear Model. 2015-12-06 11 Water Flow Net Head Head Losses Water Starting Time ??? Many Uncertainties ? IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland ? Effective Opening Efficiency Gross Head ?

12. Test Bench Setup for Actual Test in Powerhouse. 2015-12-06 12 RT-LAB BERTA TEST BENCH SPEED GOVERNOR TURBINE GENERATOR IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland MECHANICAL SWITCH

13. Islanded System vs Test Bench Real-Time Simulator. Stable Case 2015-12-06 13 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

14. Islanded System vs Test Bench Real-Time Simulator. Unstable Case 2015-12-06 14 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

15. P.S.S. Simulation Function 2015-12-06 15 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

16. On-site Testing in Hydro-Québec Powerhouse.  Two different sets of PID gains. Frequency variation 2015-12-06 16 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

17. On-site Testing in Hydro-Québec Powerhouse  Two different sets of PID gains. Gate servomotors variation 2015-12-06 17 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

18. On-site Testing in Hydro-Québec Powerhouse  Two different sets of settings. Mechanical Power Variation 2015-12-06 18 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

19. On-Site Testing VS Classical Modelling  What if your classical model is wrong?  See next slide; 2015-12-06 19 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

20. Reality vs. Classical Model Simulation 2015-12-06 20 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

21. Reality vs. Classical Model Simulation 2015-12-06 21. H-Q grid actual frequency Simulator Generated Frequency IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

22. Islanded Operation Simulation Unstable Case 2015-12-06 22 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

23. Islanded Operation Simulation Stable Case 2015-12-06 23 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

24. On-site Testing. Boxes and Real-Time Station  RT-LAB BERTA’s real-time computer, junction and switching boxes and flat screen during on-site testing by Hydro-Québec powerhouse, November 2008 2015-12-06 24 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

25. On-site Testing. Real-Time Station Rear View  Rear view of the RT-LAB BERTA real-time computer showing the I/O connection with the speed governor during on-site testing by Hydro-Québec powerhouse, November 2008 2015-12-06 25 IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland

26. Conclusions & Benefits  Until now, it has been almost impossible to assess with a high degree of accuracy the behavior of a synchronous generator in an islanded power system. Characterizing such behavior is indispensable to properly set a speed governor. 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 26

27. Conclusions & Benefits  To date, model and parameter identification tests have been very expensive and don’t provide an accurate and robust model of a turbine. The process is time-consuming and arduous as described by the following steps that must be performed for each machine: 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 27

28. Conclusions & Benefits  The process is time-consuming and arduous as described by the following steps that must be performed for each machine: Preliminary settings based on specifications provided by the manufacturers of the turbine and generator; Model and parameter identification tests in the power station; Off-line stability studies to recommend the appropriate settings, based on the models and parameters as determined by tests carried out at the power station; Return to the power station to implement new appropriate settings on the speed governor 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 28

29. Conclusions & Benefits  The proposed Test Bench allows these operations to be carried out in a single test run at the power station with the following benefits: Accuracy of speed governor control settings ensuring that each machine has a stabilizing effect on the power system; Validation of PSS low frequency settings ensuring that the PSS and the speed governor do not react against each other; Accuracy of speed governor and turbine models; Stability and reduction of demand on servomotors by applying appropriate settings; Productivity gain for model identification and control setting; Shorter tests in the power station due to ease of use of Test Bench. 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 29

30. Thank You  Questions?  Join us for a Demonstration at the Opal-RT Booth located near the Conference Coffee Break Area 2015-12-06IFAC 2009 – Tampere, Finland 30