1. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Nancy: Here are some more slides with possible useful graphics

2. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility University of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii  Own and operate equipment  Support manpower  Develop projects & partnerships UTC Fuel CellsUTC Fuel Cells  Provide specifications for infrastructure and test stands  Management support & training HECOHECO  Site support and infrastructure development ONRONR  Funding  Applications General view of Test Facility

3. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu FY03 Fuel Cell Activities Cell developmentCell development Novel bipolar platesNovel bipolar plates Large area nanoscale fabricationLarge area nanoscale fabrication TestingTesting Cell performance and durabilityCell performance and durability Thermal and water managementThermal and water management Fueling issuesFueling issues “Hardware-in-the-Loop” for Rapid Prototyping“Hardware-in-the-Loop” for Rapid Prototyping Implement major components of system imposing computer based control functions for dynamic operationImplement major components of system imposing computer based control functions for dynamic operation Front view of Test Stand These activities support development of proposed fuel cell system

4. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu The Military Requirement Long endurance power supplies for:Long endurance power supplies for: –Long-dwell sensor systems. –Soldier power systems Primary batteriesPrimary batteries –Expensive –Heavy –Low endurance –Use heavy metals such as lithium & cadmium which are poisonous to the environment –A major logistics problem (nightmare??) A “Battery Unit” dedicated to bringing batteries to the front linesA “Battery Unit” dedicated to bringing batteries to the front lines Soldiers used 12 batteries per night in Gulf II for powering their electronicsSoldiers used 12 batteries per night in Gulf II for powering their electronics

5. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Fuel Cells are the Solution! Electrochemical deviceElectrochemical device Converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heatConverts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat When hydrogen is the fuel, pure water is the only emissionWhen hydrogen is the fuel, pure water is the only emission Long enduranceLong endurance Low heat & noise signaturesLow heat & noise signatures Many applications:Many applications: TransportationTransportation Stationary based distributed energyStationary based distributed energy Unmanned underwater vehiclesUnmanned underwater vehicles Unmanned aerial vehiclesUnmanned aerial vehicles Remote instrumentationRemote instrumentation Soldier power systemsSoldier power systems A military “Mission-Enabling” technology

6. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Fuel Cell System = Stack +BOS Control Systems Air Supply Thermal Management Water Management Electric System fuel cell Application Fuel Supply

7. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu PEM Fuel Cell Stacks Preferred solution for many military applications.Preferred solution for many military applications. High specific energyHigh specific energy Environmentally benignEnvironmentally benign Very ExpensiveVery Expensive –Designed for maximum power density and long life –High cost materials –High production cost High cost stacks warranted in some “mission- enabling” applicationsHigh cost stacks warranted in some “mission- enabling” applications BUT many applications could use a lower performance fuel cell of modest cost.BUT many applications could use a lower performance fuel cell of modest cost. –100’s of hrs vs 1,000’s hrs The DoD needs an inexpensive fuel cell

8. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Major Fuel Cell Components Collector platesCollector plates –Distribute reactant gases –Separate individual cells –Conduct the current produced by the fuel cell reaction Membrane Electrode Assembly (“MEA”)Membrane Electrode Assembly (“MEA”) –Conduct protons –Gas impermeable –Coated with catalyst

9. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Low Cost Catalyst Development apparatus: basic process : gas feed heated substrate thin film condensate vacuum chamber negative electrode + plasma target Important process parameters:Important process parameters: –Ambient Pressure, –Gas Feed Composition (e.g., Ar, Ar/O 2 ) –Substrate Temperature –Plasma Power magnetron gun HNEI Sputtering System:HNEI Sputtering System: –3 guns for co-sputtering mixed materials –Gas Feed Options (Ar, Ar/O 2, etc.) –Flow, pressure, temperature & power control

10. HAWAII NATURAL ENERGY INSTITUTE CEROS Review July 17, 2003 www.hnei.hawaii.edu Mixed Metal Catalyst Research