1. The Life Cycle of a Star

2. Today’s Objective
SWBAT – Analyze the life cycle of a star.

3. What is a Star? A star is ball of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion.
Stars give off large amounts of energy.
There are billions of stars throughout the universe.
The closest star to us (besides the Sun) is Alpha Centari A. About 4.22 light years away.
X-ray image of the Sun

4. A Star is Born…. Stars are formed in a Nebula.
A Nebula is a very large cloud of gas and dust in space.

5. Protostars
Dense areas of gas in the nebula become more dense due to gravity.
When dense areas take shape they become protostars.
Protostars are NOT stars, yet.

6. Protostars How do protostars become stars?
As more gas is added to a protostar, the pressure in its core increases.
The increased pressure causes the gas molecules to move faster, increasing friction.
As temperature increases, heat is generated and the temperature of the protostars core increases.

7. A new star!!
Once the core of a protostar is hot enough, nuclear fusion begins/
The protostar ignites and becomes a star.
The bright spot is a new star igniting

8. Nuclear
Fusion
Nuclear Fusion is the process by which two nuclei combine to form a heavier element.
New stars fuse hydrogen to make helium.

9. Main Sequence Stars
Once the star has ignited, it becomes a main sequence star.
Nuclear Fusion continues
Hydrogen fuses into helium.
Releases massive amounts of energy.
Stars spend most of their life as a main sequence star.

10. Why do stars stay as main sequence stars?
The incredible weight of
of all the gas and gravity
try to collapse the star on
its core.
The core of a star is where
the heat is generated and
nuclear fusion takes place.
Radiation zones
and convection
zones move energy out
from the center of the star.

11. Unbalanced Forces As long as there is a nuclear
reaction taking place, the
internal forces (nuclear fusion
will balance the
external forces (pressure and
gravity.
When the hydrogen in a main
sequence star is used up, fusion
stops and the forces suddenly
become unbalanced.
Mass and gravity cause the
remaining gas to collapse on
the core.

12. Red Giant Collapsing outer layers cause core to heat up.
Fusion of helium into carbon begins.
Forces regain balance – pressure and gravity = nuclear fusion
Outer shell expands from 1 to at least 40 million miles across. ( 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun)
Red Giants last for about 100 million years.

13. Unbalanced Forces (again)
When the Red Giant has fused all of the helium into carbon, the forces acting on the star are again unbalanced.
The massive outer layers of the star again rush into the core and rebound, generating staggering amounts of energy.
What happens next depends on how much mass the star has.

14. Mass Matters Red Giant Mass < 3 x sun Mass > 3x sun White Dwarf
Red Supergiant
Black Dwarf
Supernova
Neutron Star
Black Hole

15. White Dwarfs Planetary nebula around a white dwarf star.
The pressure exerted on the core by the outer layers does not produce enough energy to start carbon fusion.
The stars outer layers drift away and become a planetary nebula.
Planetary nebula around a
white dwarf star.

16. Red Supergiants
If the mass of a star is 3 times that of our sun or greater, then the Red Giant will become a Red Supergiant.
When a massive Red Giant fuses all of the helium into carbon, fusion stops and the outer layers collapse on the core, again.
This time, there is enough mass to get the core hot enough to start the fusion of carbon into iron.
Expand up to 1000 times that of the sun

17. Supernova
When a Supergiant fuses all of the Carbon into Iron, there is no more fuel left to consume.
The Core of the supergiant will then collapse in less than a second, causing a massive explosion called a supernova.
In a supernova, a massive shockwave is produced that blows away the outer layers of the star.
Supernova shine brighter than whole galaxies for a few years.
Gas ejected from a supernova explosion

18. Black Holes
A black hole is a core so dense and massive that it will generate so much gravity that not even light can escape it.
Since light can’t escape a
black hole, it is hard to tell
what they look like or how they work.