1. { Changes in Latin America Ch 25

2.  Central and South America sought to break from colonial rule  Same as every other colony in this time period  Spanish Colonies influenced by Napoleon’s actions  Influenced by Enlightenment  Haiti slave rebellion (1792)  Fear of all of the other colonies I. Introduction

3.  Simon Bolivar  Led Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador against Spain (1817-1822)  Formed Gran Colombia  Broke up due to political differences  Rejected being crowned king II. Colonies to Nations

4.  Reasons for “Revolucion”  Creoles, natives and mixed were not treated equally  American and French Revolution  Haitian Slave Revolution  Toussiant L’Overture lead the overthrow of French rule  Plantation owners fearful II. Colonies to Nations

5.  Mexico  Father Miguel de Hidalgo  Encouraged Indians and Mestizos to rebel- Executed  Augustin de Iturbide  Officer, negotiated with creoles and became emperor  Problems  Inequality  Texas  Alamo  Mexican-American War  US takes ½ of Mexico’s land  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo  La Reforma- redistributed Indian land- Rich win II. Colonies to Nations

6.  Brazil  Important economically  Sugar Cotton and Cacao  Portuguese Royal family flee from Napoleon  Rio de Janiero becomes Portuguese imperial city  Changes when Portuguese leave  Nation  Traded coffee  Kept slavery- last to abolish  Monarchy collapses  Bloodless military coup- Republic II. Colonies to Nations

7.  Argentina  Liberated under Jose de San Martin  With Chile and Peru  Formed a republic (brought prosperity)  Domingo F. Sarmiento  President who made numerous reforms  Greatly exported beef, hides and wool  Greatly expanded territory  Became a place for Italian, German and Russian immigrants  Some would travel back and forth for growing seasons II. Colonies to Nations

8.  US stayed “isolated” until after Civil War  Monroe Doctrine 1823  US handles problems in Americas  No further European colonization  Fear of assault launch pad  Manifest Destiny  Destined to rule coast-coast  Brought into conflict with Mexico  Spanish American War  Retaliation vs. Money  USS Maine  Cuban Sugar  US occupied Cuba  Puerto Rico becomes an American dependency III. US Involvement

9.  Panama Canal  Shortcut for US fleet  US helps Panama gain independence from Columbia  Built from 1903-1914  Initially under US control but turned over to Panama (1999) III. US Involvement

10.  Latin America became very fragmented  Common culture but different political and social views  War of the Pacific aka Fertilizer War (1879-1883)  Chile vs. Bolivia and Peru  Chile gains territory and problems proceeded in Bolivia and Peru  Rivalries in exports IV. General Problems