1. Middle class families in Russia: management of emotions and work on «relationships» Larisa Shpakovskaya Higher School of Economics, St Petersburg RN 13 Families and Intimate Lives Family Relations and Social Inequalities ESA 10 th Conference, 7-10.09.2011 Geneve

2. Middle class, family and parenthood. Research questions. The middle class's practices and attitudes to the family and childbearing Higher degree of reflexivity (A. Giddens) can be found, self-reflection and individualism Reflexivity — strategic planning of life trajectory, making choice Reflexivity related to the «work» «Work» - emotional and physical efforts of self- adjustment to standard and norms of «decent», «normal», «good» life

3. Data and research design About 100 interviews with family and mothers conducted in 2009-2011 in Higher School of Economics and European University at St Petersburg (Russia) Two types of respondents: Middle class couples (cohabiting or married, with children or childless, in St Petersburg) Middle and lower class women (cohabiting or married, having children and childless, in St Petersburg and Ulyanovsk)

4. What is middle class in Russia? Class criteria: education, employment, income and identity 14-22% of population belong to the middle class Middle people have higher education, «intellectual» job employment, average income (up to 400 EUR) and identify themselves as “average” or “middle” Life styles and consumer preferences are similar to the middle class in Europe Carriers of social innovation

5. Family relations: “relationships” and division of labour “Relationships” in middle class Work on relationship Opposite to the family roles Result of emotional work and self-control efforts Result of negotiations and agreements (about household work, reproductive plans etc). Similar to the notion of “pure relationships” (Giddens) No “relationships” in lower classes?

6. Parenthood and childbearing Reflexive parenthood of middle class Work on the sufficient condition of childbearing, to be “normal”, “good” family, to respond to the living standards Parenthood is part of life project (carrier, income, number of children and time of their birth) Problem for young middle class women,gender asymmetry of parenthood Low classes – no planning and no resources

7. Some conclusions: family relations and social inequalities Middle class and lower classes families are carriers of different types of practices and attitudes toward family and childcare Middle class is associated with “new” practices and attitudes: Contracts and negotiations Bourgeois family (breadwinner and housewife) Lower classes is associated more with “old soviet” practices “working mother” gender contract Coping with difficulties