1. Topic 18 Part 1: Intro to energy and fossil fuels

2.  Energy- the ability to do work.  Power- the rate at which work is done.  energy = power X time Joule= work done by applying a force of 1 newton for 1 meter

3.  Kinetic energy  Temperature  Potential energy  Chemical energy

5.  Energy is neither created or destroyed.  It can be converted from one form to another.

6. Figure 2.15  When energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes.

8.  The ease with which an energy source can be used for work.  Different energy sources have different qualities  Gasoline: 44MJ/kg  Wood: 20MJ/kg

9. Process of Commercial Energy Use

10. Commercial Electricity Generation

11.  fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels. Nonrenewable Energies

15. Waste heat Coal bunker Turbine Cooling tower transfers waste heat to atmosphere Generator Cooling loop Stack Pulverizing mill Condenser Filter Boiler Toxic ash disposal

16.  NO x  SO 2  Nitrate and sulfate particulates  Carbon ash  Mercury  NO x  SO 2  Nitrate and sulfate particulates  Carbon ash  Mercury

17.  Scrubbers, etc. Scrubbers,

20. Fig. 15-4b, p. 375 Oil Refinery

23.  Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for about 10 years.  Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil demand for 6 months (U.S.: 3 years).  Alaska’s ANWR would meet the world demand for 1-5 months (U.S.: 7-25 months).

24.  three options:  Look for more oil.  Use or waste less oil.  Use something else. Figure 16-1

26.  Oil sands (a.k.a. tar sands) contain a thick and sticky heavy oil called bitumen.

27. Oil shales contain a waxy, solid, combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen.  can be heated to yield a distillate called shale oil.

28. It takes about 1.8 metric tons (2 US tons) of oil sand or shale to produce one barrel of oil.

29.  Consists mostly of methane and is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. Some pockets are in Shale rock…need to “frack” to get out

31. Hydraulic fracturing  Traditional  New  Traditional  New Associated water issues Groundwater contamination Surface water contamination Excessive water use

32. Other environmental issues  Habitat destruction  Earthquakes  Methane leakage  Subsidence of land  Soil salinization or heavy metal build- up  Habitat destruction  Earthquakes  Methane leakage  Subsidence of land  Soil salinization or heavy metal build- up

33.  Coal bed methane  Trapped by overlying aquifers  Released for extraction by pumping out water  Controversy:  Opposed by ranchers, farmers, anglers, hunters, conservationists  Defended by energy companies

34.  Methane hydrates- methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments

35. “Combustible ice”