1. A Cell Review Brought to you by your local expert: Mr. Hachtman

3. The Animal Cell

4. Cell Membrane Thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell Function: Controls what goes into and out of the cell Composition: –2 layers (bilayer) of lipids –Also consists of proteins and carbohydrates Analogy: Security at a football game

5. Cytoplasm The “gooey stuff” inside the cell membrane “Bathes” the organelles Analogy: Swimming pool holding a bunch of kids (green water!)

6. What exactly is an organelle? An organelle is defined as a part of a cell that performs important cellular functions Types of organelles found in animals: –Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Centrioles, and Golgi Apparatus Number of a certain type of organelle within a single cell can vary greatly

7. Organelles: The Nucleus Contains chromosomes (DNA) - DNA codes for protein - Making proteins = one of the largest jobs of the cell Function: Control center of the cell (controls cellular processes) Surrounded by a nuclear envelope: Controls what goes into and out of nucleus (Nuclear pores) Consists of 2 membranes Contains nucleolus - Involved in making ribosomes Nucleoplasm - Gooey sap inside the nucleus

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum Function: Assembles and transports components of the cell membrane Two types: 1) Rough ER - Contains ribosomes - Modify proteins 2) Smooth ER - Lack ribosomes - Synthesize lipids

9. Ribosomes Function: Site where proteins are assembled DNA -> RNA -> Protein Two Types –Attached ribosomes: On the ER –Free ribosomes: Floating in the cytoplasm

10. Mitochondria - Think of Mr. H Function: Produce energy for the cell Appearance: Two separate membranes –Outer membrane –Inner membrane - Highly folded Cristae: Area inside of mitochondria Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria: Glucose -> Energy

11. Golgi Appartus Function: Package and ship proteins from the ribosomes Analogy: UPS Attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

12. Vacuoles and Lysosomes Vacuole –Function: Stores food, water, and waste for the cell Analogy: Toilet that you forget to flush Lysosome –Function: Gets rid of waste Analogy: Toilet that is flushed –Contains enzymes –“Suicide Sacs” - Destroys organelles that are too old and also destroys cell when too old

13. The Plant Cell

14. Three differences between plant and animal cells Plant cells have: –Chloroplasts (and other plastids) –Cell wall –Large central vacuole (animals have many small vacuoles)

15. Chloroplasts Involved in Photosynthesis Turn sunlight into glucose Composition: 2 membranes Grana contain chlorophyll (green pigment in plant that absorbs sunlight)

16. Cell Wall Found in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria Lies outside the cell membrane Function: Provides support and protection for plant cell Composition: Made of cellulose (carbohydrate) and proteins

17. Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic True Nucleus Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungus, Protists No True nucleus Examples: Bacteria The Meaning of Words Kary: Nucleus Eu: True Pro: Without