1. Lecture 11 Globalization & Global Politics

2. Nation- States States:  Political apparatus of government  Legal system  Military Sovereignty: authority and power over a nation-states territory  Political  Economic  Social Food sovereignty: ability to produce food within national borders to feed the citizenry  Film “Life and Debt” demonstrates how food sovereignty can be lost through political policies imposed by actors outside the nation-state

3. Citizenship Citizenship: rights and duties of individuals within a nation-states Civil rights: rights under the law Political rights: right to participate in elections and run for office Social rights: right to a minimum level of economic welfare and security

4. Nation-State Building From 1945 to 1981 over 105 NEW Nation-states became members of the UN  Most of these “new” states were former colonies of nation- states like Britain, France, and USA UN declared citizens’ rights to the social contract as critical to nation-state building: Everyone “is entitled to realization through national effort, and international co-operation…to the economic, social, and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and free development of his personality.”

5. Development Project The effort to build these new nation-states can be referred to as the Development Project, whereby these countries borrowed large sums of money from other countries, private banks, and global political institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to industrialize using the West as a model  During the 1970’s countries took on a large amount of debt for development programs

6. Third World Debt While many developing countries took on large debt, their position in the global economy meant that they were encouraged to focus on areas of their economy that did not contribute to economic development, like “cheap labor” 1980’s called the “Lost Decade” for developing countries  Many countries sunk into debt due to failure of development projects as well as corruption

7. The Debt Solution As countries sunk into debt the IMF and the World Bank provided short term loans, but countries had to agree to follow their banks rules about how to reorganize their economy  These are called structural adjustment programs (SAPs) Structural Adjustment Programs: economic policies that countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and IMF loans  Reduce public spending  Decrease wages and focus on “cheap labor”  Breakdown global trade barriers

8. The Debt Crisis Today The world's poorest countries pay over $100 million every day to the richest countries, private banks, and the IMF/WB  The poorest 152 countries owe over $ 2.5 trillion. "I encourage … total debt cancellation for poor countries because, frankly, it is a scandal that we are forced to choose between basic health and education for our people and repaying historical debt." -- President Mkapa of Tanzania, 2005

9. The Global Economy: Who Rules? As global organizations such as the IMF and World Bank gain more control over how the economies of developing countries are organized we can ask several questions:  Whose rules are being followed?  Whose interests are being served?  Who benefits?

10. Power Elite Power Elite: individuals who occupy positions of power in leading social institutions and make decisions that have the greatest impact on people nationally  Business interests come first Are we seeing the emergence of a global power elite?  Representatives from countries occupy positions power in leading global institutions

11. A Global Power Elite? Transnational Political Organizations: politics w/out borders  World Trade Organization (WTO)  International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Transnational Corporations: business w/out borders  Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries International business interests take priority in shaping the policy of the IMF, WB, and WTO

12. Global Politics and Development “Sovereign” nation-states are now being regulated by extra-state political organizations such as the IMF, World Bank, and WTO  Challenges citizenship rights Civil Political Social Deterioration of foundation of democracy in nation-states – the state-citizen relationship

13. Does Globalization = Decline in Democracy? The decisions that affect our daily lives and those of people all over the globe are increasing being made by institutions such as the WTO, IMF, and WB which are not subject to the democratic process As you watch the film “Life and Debt,” consider whether the global organizations that support a power elite affect the rights of democratic citizenship that we hold dear