1. Personal, Social, and Emotional Development

2. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Developmental crisis
Eight stages

3. Erikson’s Stages: Preschool Years
Trust/Mistrust
Autonomy/Shame & Doubt
Initiative/ Guilt

4. Elementary School Years & Adolescence
Industry/Inferiority
Identity/ Role Confusion

5. Implications of Erikson’s Theory for Teachers
Initiative
Industry
Identity

6. Identity Status Commitment Exploration Yes No Achievement Moratorium
Foreclosure
Diffusion

7. Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being
Identity achieved or still exploring
Positive outcomes
Foreclosed individuals
Dogmatic, inflexible, and intolerant
Long-term diffused
Fatalistic, passive, likely to use and abuse drugs

8. Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development
Stage 1
Unexamined ethnic identity
Stage 2
Ethnic identity search
Stage 3
Ethnic identity achievement

9. Bicultural Individuals
Achieved identity
Higher self-esteem
Greater sense of mastery
Positive relations with other groups

10. Understanding Ourselves & Others

11. Who are you?

12. Clarifying the Difference
Self-concept
A person’s view of herself or himself.
Self-esteem
A person’s evaluation of herself or himself.

13. Changes in Self-Concept
Childhood Concrete terms, related to traits
Adolescence Trait-focused, more abstract, personality characteristics

14. Changes in Self-Esteem
1st years of elementary school drops
4th- 6th grade rises
Transition to adolescence mixed findings

15. Self-Concept & Self-Esteem
Link with achievement
Gender and self-esteem
Personal & collective self-esteem

16. Levels of Moral Development
Postconventional
abstract principles and values
Conventional
laws and rules of society
Preconventional
consequences of behavior

17. Preconventional Reasoning
Externally controlled
1: Avoid punishment
2: Personal gain

18. Conventional Reasoning
Conformity to social rules
3: Good boy/Nice girl
4: Law & order

19. Postconventional Reasoning
Morality is defined by abstract principles
5: Social contract
6: Universal ethical principles

20. Alternatives to Kohlberg
Criticism
Stage approach
Moral issues versus social conventions
Western male cultural bias
Morality of Caring (Carol Gilligan)

21. Aggression Hostile Aggression goal is to harm
Instrumental Aggression goal is to gain access

22. Gender Differences in Aggression
Overt aggression physical and verbal insults
Relational aggression covert aggression

23. Developmental Trends in Aggression
Preschool
Physical & instrumental
Middle childhood
Decline in physical & instrumental
Increase in hostile
Adolescence
Aggression continues to decline

24. Family Changes in family Divorce rate Single parent households
Dual-earner families

25. Consequences of Divorce
Transition is stressful lots of changes
Negative effects in short run
Academic achievement
Social development

26. Long-Term Consequences of Divorce
70-80% no long-term effects
Serious adjustment difficulties more likely for
Boys
Difficult temperaments

27. Peers Gender differences Rejected children
Friends’ influence/ peer pressure