1. Blood Fluid Tissue

2. Functions Transportation Transportation 1. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 2. Nutrients 3. Heat and waste products 4. Hormones

3. Functions of Blood Continued Regulation 1. pH 2. Body Temperature 3. Water contents of cells

4. Functions of blood Continued Protection Protection 1. Clotting 2. Disease

6. Components of Blood Blood Plasma 1. Liquid portion of blood 2. 91.5% water; 8.5% solutes 3. Hepatocytes synthesize most proteins found in plasma 4. Contains antigens

7. Components of blood Red blood cells Red blood cells 1. Contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemaglobin hemaglobin 2. Mature blood cells enter the circulatory system at a rate of 2 circulatory system at a rate of 2 million per second million per second

8. Components of blood Red blood cell anatomy 1. biconcave disks 2. strong and flexible plasma membranej 3. lack nucleus and organelles

10. Red Blood cell Physiology ► Hemoglobin 1. found in cytosol 2. heme portion contains iron 3. globin portion is a protein 4. all internal space is available for oxygen transport oxygen transport 5. produce ATP anaerobically 6. Biconcave shape has a higher surface to volume ratio to volume ratio

12. Red blood cell “life Cycle” Each cell lives about 120 days Macrophages in liver and spleen phagotize worn out cells Hemoglobin is split into its two parts Globin portion is broken down into amino acids Iron is removed from heme portion

13. “life Cycle” continued Iron is sent to red bone marrow and is reused Iron is sent to red bone marrow and is reused Some iron is used to make biliruben Some iron is used to make biliruben

15. White blood cell anatomy and types Have a nucleus and do not contain hemaglobin Eosinophil 1. Stain Red-Orange 2. two or three lobed nucleus 3. High count: allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune parasitic infections, autoimmune disease. disease. 4. Low count: Stress, Drug toxicity

16. White blood cell anatomy and types  Basophil 1. Stain purple-blue 2. granules hide nucleus 3. granules are variable in size 4. High Count: allergic reactions, leukemias, cancer, hypothyroidism leukemias, cancer, hypothyroidism 5. Low count: Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism stress, hypothyroidism

17. White blood cell anatomy and types Neutrophiles Neutrophiles 1. granules are pale in color and evenly distributed distributed 2. Nucleus has two to five lobes 3. Young have rod shaped nucleus 4. High count: bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflamation. stress, inflamation. 5. Low count: vitamin B 12 deficiency, drug toxicity, radiation exposure toxicity, radiation exposure

18. White blood cell anatomy and types Lymphocytes 1. stains dark and is round 2. granules are not visible under light microscope 3. cytoplasm stains sky blue 4. High count: Viral infection, some leukemias 5. Low count: Prolonged illness, treatment with cortisol, immunosuppresion

19. White blood cell anatomy and types Monocytes Monocytes 1. Nucleus is horse shoe shaped 2. cytoplasm is blue-gray 3. funneled through blood tissues 4.High count: viral and fungal infections tuberculosis tuberculosis 5. Low count: Bone marrow depression

22. WBC physiology Fight off disease Leave blood and congregate at points of infection Neutrophiles and macrophages are active in phagocytosis Eosinophiles release proteins that combat inflammation; Phagocytize antigen- antibody complexes

23. WBC physiology Basophiles intensify inflammatory response by releasing proteins Basophiles intensify inflammatory response by releasing proteins B lymphocytes destroy bacteria and inactive toxins B lymphocytes destroy bacteria and inactive toxins T lymphocytes attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells T lymphocytes attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells

24. Platelets Form from megakaryocytes splinter and form membrane around each part Form a plug Release chemicals that cause blood to clot Removed from blood after about 9 days by macrophages in the liver and spleen