1. Fig. 13-0

2. Fig. 13-0a

3. Fig. 13-0b

4. Fig. 13-0c

5. Fig. 13-1a

6. Fig. 13-1b

7. Fig. 13-1c North America ATLANTIC OCEAN Great Britain Brazil The Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Fernandina Pinzón Isabela San Cristobal Española Florenza Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe 40 miles Equator 40 km 0 0 Europe Africa South America Andes Argentina Cape Horn Cape of Good Hope PACIFIC OCEAN Equator New Zealand Australia Tasmania

8. Fig. 13-1ca

9. Fig. 13-1cb

10. Fig. 13-1cc North America ATLANTIC OCEAN Great Britain Brazil Europe Africa South America Andes Argentina Cape Horn Cape of Good Hope PACIFIC OCEAN Equator New Zealand Australia Tasmania

11. Fig. 13-1cd The Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Fernandina Pinzón Isabela San Cristobal Española Florenza Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe 40 miles Equator 40 km 0 0

12. Fig. 13-2 Terminal bud Lateral buds Leaves Kale Stem Brussels sprouts Cauliflower Cabbage Kohlrabi Wild mustard Flower clusters Flowers and stems Broccoli

13. Fig. 13-3aa A flower mantid in Malaysia

14. Fig. 13-3ab A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

15. Fig. 13-3b Chromosome with allele conferring resistance to pesticide Additional applications will be less effective, and the frequency of resistant insects in the population will grow Survivors Pesticide application

16. Fig. 13-4 A Skull of Homo erectus B Ammonite castsC Dinosaur tracks Fossilized organic matter of a leaf E Insect in amber F “Ice Man” D

17. Fig. 13-4a A Skull of Homo erectus

18. Fig. 13-4b B Ammonite casts

19. Fig. 13-4c C Dinosaur tracks

20. Fig. 13-4d D Fossilized organic matter of a leaf

21. Fig. 13-4e E Insect in amber

22. Fig. 13-4f F “Ice Man”

23. Fig. 13-4g

24. Fig. 13-4h Pelvis and hind limb Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) Pakicetus (terrestrial) Dorudon (fully aquatic) Balaena (recent whale ancestor) Pelvis and hind limb

25. Fig. 13-4ha Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) Pakicetus (terrestrial)

26. Fig. 13-4hb Pelvis and hind limb Dorudon (fully aquatic) Balaena (recent whale ancestor) Pelvis and hind limb

27. Fig. 13-5a Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges HumanCatWhaleBat

28. Fig. 13-5b Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo Human embryo

29. Fig. 13-6 Tetrapod limbs Amnion Lungfishes Feathers Amphibians Mammals Lizards and snakes 2 Hawks and other birds Ostriches Crocodiles 1 3 4 5 6 Amniotes Tetrapods Birds

30. Fig. 13-7

31. Fig. 13-8 Parents Offspring, with new combinations of alleles Gametes Meiosis  and A1A1 Random fertilization A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A3A3 A1A1 A2A2 A1A1

32. Fig. 13-9a Webbing No webbing

33. Fig. 13-9b Phenotypes 320 ––– 500 Genotypes Number of animals (total = 500) Genotype frequencies Number of alleles in gene pool (total = 1,000) Allele frequencies WW Ww ww 320160 20 = 0.64 160 ––– 500 = 0.32 20 ––– 500 = 0.04 40 w160 W + 160 w 640 W 800 1,000 = 0.8 W 200 1,000 = 0.2 w

34. Fig. 13-9c Gametes reflect allele frequencies of parental gene pool W egg p = 0.8 Sperm w egg q = 0.2 W sperm p = 0.8 Eggs Allele frequencies Genotype frequencies Next generation: w sperm q = 0.8 WW p 2 = 0.64 ww q 2 = 0.04 wW qp = 0.16 Ww pq = 0.16 0.64 WW0.32 Ww 0.04 ww 0.8 W0.2 w

35. Fig. 13-11a-1 Original population

36. Fig. 13-11a-2 Original population Bottlenecking event

37. Fig. 13-11a-3 Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population

38. Fig. 13-11b

39. Fig. 13-12

40. Fig. 13-13 Original population Frequency of individuals Original population Evolved population Phenotypes (fur color) Stabilizing selectionDirectional selectionDisruptive selection

41. Fig. 13-14a

42. Fig. 13-14b

43. Fig. 13-14c

44. Fig. 13-16 “Right-mouthed” “Left-mouthed” 1.0 0.5 0 1981 ’82’83’84’85’86’87’88’89’90 Sample year Frequency of “left-mouthed” individuals

45. Fig. 13-UN1 Observations Heritable variations in individuals Overproduction of offspring Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population Individuals well-suited to the environment tend to leave more offspring Inferences

46. Fig. 13-UN2 Allele frequencies Genotype frequencies Dominant homozygotes Heterozygotes Recessive homozygotes p + q = 1 p 2 +2pq + q 2 = 1

47. Fig. 13-UN3 Original population Pressure of natural selection Evolved population Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection

48. Fig. 13-UN4 Microevolution (a) may result from change in allele frequencies in a population is the (g) (c) (b) (d) (e) (f) individuals or gametes best adapted to environment adaptive evolution random fluctuations more likely in a due to movement of may be result of leads to due to of individuals

49. Fig. 13-UN5