1. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1 What is Occupation? Virginia Dickie

2. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “Mr. Jourdain. You mean to say that when I say, ‘Nicole, fetch me my slippers’ or ‘Give me my nightcap’ that’s prose? Philosopher. Certainly, sir. Mr. Jourdain. Well, my goodness! Here I’ve been talking prose for forty years and never known it.... ” —Moliere (1670)

3. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1.Identify and evaluate ways of knowing occupation. 2.Articulate different ways of defining and classifying occupation. 3.Describe the relationship between occupation and context.

4. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Knowing and Learning about Occupation Many occupations are ordinary –Part daily living; and –are taken for granted Occupations can be special when they –happen infrequently; or –carry important symbolic meaning

5. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Knowing and Learning about Occupation (Continued) Occupation is a biological imperative –evident in human evolutionary history –current behaviors of primate relatives –survival needs are met through occupation Humans also have occupational needs beyond survival

6. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Need to Understand Occupation OTs base their work on understanding of occupation and its role in health OTs can know occupation by: –Looking inward – examining its form, function, and meaning –Looking outward – with observation through an “occupational lens” Turn to research and scholarship to understand occupation

7. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Defining Occupation Defining occupation in OT is challenging –part of common language with meanings that the profession cannot control OT founders used the word occupation to describe a way of “properly” using time Definitions of occupation from OT literature help in explaining why occupation is the profession’s focus

8. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Context and Occupation Specific meaning of an occupation is known only to the individual engaged in the occupation Occupations take place in context, including: –time; –physical space; –past experiences; and –social and cultural contexts

9. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Context and Occupation (Continued) Person, occupation, and context are inseparable –But, contexts may be changeable OT interventions cannot be context free

10. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Is Occupation Always Good? In OT, occupation is associated with health and well- being (as a means and end) Occupation can also be unhealthy, dangerous, maladaptive, or destructive to self or others –Can contribute to societal problems and environmental degradation OTs must also acknowledge the breadth of occupational choices –Are effects on individuals and the world itself adaptive or maladaptive?

11. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Organizing Occupation Categorization of occupations is often problematic –e.g.: distinction between work and leisure is not always clear Individuals may experience the same occupation in very different ways The construct of occupation might defy efforts to define and categorize