1. Scorpions
AnIMal Toxins

2. Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Subphylum:Chelicerata
Class:Arachnida
Subclass:Dromopoda
Order: Scorpiones

3. Characteristics of scorpions
They have eight legs
Are easily recognized by the pair of grasping claws
narrow, segmented tail
with a venomous stinger
Scorpions range in size from 9 mm (Typhlochactas mitchelli) to 21 cm (Hadogenes troglodytes).

4. Scorpion anatomy
1 = Cephalothorax or Prosoma; 2 = Abdomen or Mesosoma; 3 = Tail or Metasoma; 4 = Claws or Pedipalps 5 = Legs; 6 = Mouth parts or Chelicerae; 7 = pincers or Chelae; 8 = Moveable claw or Tarsus; 9 = Fixed claw or Manus; 10 = Sting or Telson; 11 = Anus.

5. 5 most poisonous scorpions of the world
Fat Tailed Scorpions
Scientific name:
Androctonus crassicauda
Family: Buthidae
Genus: Androctunus
Toxin:

6. 5 most poisonous scorpions of the world
DeathStalker Scorpion
Scientific name:
Leiurus quinquestriatus
Family:Buthidae
Genus:Leiurus
Species:L. quinquestriatus
Toxin:Chlorotoxin

7. 5 most poisonous scorpions of the world
Gormar Scorpion
Scientific name:
Pandinus Cavimanus
Family:
Genus:

8. 5 most poisonous scorpions of the world
Red Claw Scorpion
Scientific name:
Pandinus cavimanus
Family: Scorpionidae
Genus: Pandinus
Species : P. cavimanus

9. 5 most poisonous scorpions of the world
Emperor Scorpion
Scientific name:
Pandinus imperator
Family:Scorpionidae
Genus:Pandinus
Species:P. imperator
Toxin: imperatoxin

10. Transvaal thick-tailed
scorpion or dark scorpion
Family:Buthidae
Genus:Parabuthus
Species:P. transvaalicus
Toxin: birtoxin

11. Chlorotoxin (CTX) 36 Amino Acid Residue Inhibits conductance of
chloride channels by blocking
Ca++ activated chloride
channels in the
Central Nervous System.

12. Chloride channel protein ClC-Ka
Chloride channel protein ClC-Kb
Chloride intracellular channel protein 1
Chloride intracellular channel protein 2
Chloride intracellular channel protein 3
Chloride intracellular channel protein 4
Chloride intracellular channel protein 5
Chloride intracellular channel protein 6
Chloride channel protein, skeletal muscle
Chloride channel protein 2
H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3
H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5
Chloride transport protein 6
Chloride channel protein 7
H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 4

13. Chlorotoxin

14. Birtoxin
58 amino acid residues
Changes sodium channel activation

15. Birtoxin

16. scorpio maurus
Scientific name:
S. maurus palmatus
Family:Scorpionidae
Genus:Scorpio
Species:S. maurus
Toxin: maurotoxin

17. Maurotoxin 34 amino acid residue Acts by blocking several
types of voltage-gated
potassium channel.

18. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 1
Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3

19. Maurotoxin

20. Symptoms of poisoning Fever excessive salivation involuntary tearing
nausea or vomiting
confusion
coma
convulsions
increased or decreased heart rate, body temperature disregulation, and pulmonary edema (wet lungs)

21. First aid
If you are stung by any scorpion, including the venomous Arizona Bark Scorpion, here are some immediate actions you should take:
1. Wash the area with soap and water.
2.Apply a cool compress on the area of the scorpion sting. Ice (wrapped in a washcloth or other suitable covering) may be applied to the sting location for ten minutes. Remove compress for ten minutes and repeat as necessary.
3. If stung on a limb (arm or leg) elevate the limb to heart level.
4. Keep your tetanus shots and boosters current.

22. references http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorotoxin