1. The inapplicability of traditional statistical methods for analysing climate ensembles Dave Stainforth International Meeting of Statistical Climatology 15 th July 2010 Centre for the Analysis of Timeseries and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics.

2. Challenges in Interpreting Grand Ensembles Dave Stainforth International Meeting of Statistical Climatology 15 th July 2010 Centre for the Analysis of Timeseries and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics.

3. Climateprediction.net: The Slab Model Experiment Unified Model with thermodynamic ocean. (HadSM3) 15 yr spin-up15 yr, base case CO 2 15 yr, 2 x CO 2 Derived fluxes Diagnostics from final 8 yrs. Calibration Control Double CO2 Standard model set-up Perturbed Physics Ensemble Initial Condition Ensemble Grand Ensemble 10000s10s P1 LowHigh Stnd Low High P2

4. 1 – Regional Distributions 20,000 simulations 6203 model versions with points representing average over initial condition ensembles.

5. 1c – Regional Distributions Challenge 1: In-Sample Analysis: Out-of-sample data can not be obtained in the future. Once published, further analysis becomes biased. Suggestion: Community agrees to hold back sample for future verification.

6. 2 – Regional Change.vs. Global Temperature Change

7. Ensemble Sizes Min ICETotal points 16203 41594 5996 6563 7259 891

8. 3 - At least four member Initial condition ensemble members

9. 4 – Culling by Atmosphere/Ocean Heat Flux Challenge 2: Model culling How do we decide which models are so bad they should not be studied? Remember: This is a complex non-linear system. All models are inconsistent with observations. So what is “just too bad”?

10. 6 – Culling by entrainment coefficient

11. 7 – Linear Fits Challenge 3: What should we take from a fit across different models mean? They are neither different states of the same model nor independent models.

12. 12b – Polynomial Fit

13. 8b – Exponential Fit

14. 7 - Are They Good Fits? Challenge 4: Coping with lack of independence. Challenge 5: Evaluating model dependence. (On inputs rather than outputs?) χ 2 probability assuming all models independent: 100.00%(temperature), 100.00%(precip) χ 2 probability assuming no. of independent models is ¼ of total: 0.000% (temperature), 0.001%(precip)

15. 10 – Uncertainty about the fit Without independence all we have is a domain of potential credible possibilities.

16. 11 – A band of possibilities to take seriously But at least that domain encompasses CMIP3 models. And combined with global temperature predictions or goals provides a further input to Bruce Hewitson’s “combined information”.

17. References Stainforth, D. A., Allen, M. R., Tredger, E. R., and Smith, L. A., Confidence, uncertainty and decision-support relevance in climate predictions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 365 (1857), 2145 (2007). Stainforth, D. A, T.E. Downing, R. Washington, A. Lopez, M. New. Issues in the interpretation of climate model ensembles to inform decisions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 365 (1857), 2163 (2007). Smith, L. A., What might we learn from climate forecasts? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 2487 (2002).