1. Primate evolution & human origins

2. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history Darwin, 1859 During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. Darwin, 1871

3. Primates Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea PlatyrrhiniCatarrhini CercopithecoideaHominoidea HylobatidaeHominidae PonginaeHomininae

4. Primates Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea tarsierlemur

5. Primates Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea PlatyrrhiniCatarrhini

6. Primates Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea PlatyrrhiniCatarrhini CercopithecoideaHominoidea

7. Primates Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea PlatyrrhiniCatarrhini CercopithecoideaHominoidea HylobatidaeHominidae

8. Primates Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea PlatyrrhiniCatarrhini CercopithecoideaHominoidea HylobatidaeHominidae PonginaeHomininae

9. Pongo pygmaeus Ponginae

10. Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Homininae Gorilla gorilla Homo sapiens

12. Morphological and molecular analyses demonstrate that humans are closely related to gorillas and chimpanzees

14. Gigantopithecus blackii

15. gorilla human

16. Ape & Human common ancestor opposable hallux luxuriant body hair ape-sized brain knuckle-walker (not bipedal) complex social relationships used simple tools

18. The phylogenetic relationships among the species of fossil hominids have not been definitively established The fossil record includes a diversity of hominids that lived after the human lineage and the chimpanzee lineage separated

20. Sahalanthropus tchadensis

21. Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 MYA known only from teeth Australopithecus anamensis 3.9 - 4.2 MYA known only from jaws & teeth

23. Australopithecus afarensis 3.0 - 3.9 MYA ‘Lucy’

24. Australopithecus afarensis

29. ‘Robust’ australopithecines Genus: Paranthropus 3 species: aethiopicus, boisei, robustus not human ancestors large molars powerful jaws bony crest on skull

30. Paranthropus aethiopicus 1.9 - 2.7 MYA formerly Australopithecus

31. Paranthropus boisei 1.4 - 2.3 MYA formerly Australopithecus

32. Paranthropus boisei

33. Paranthropus robustus 1.0 - 2.0 MYA formerly Australopithecus

35. ‘Gracile’ australopithecines Genus: Australopithecus 3 species: afarensis, africanus human ancestors small braincases bipedal make/use stone tools

36. Australopithecus africanus 2.4 - 2.8 MYA human lineage unknown

37. Australopithecus africanus

38. The earliest known stone tools predate the earliest known Homo species

39. Homo rudolfensis 1.8 - 2.4 MYA conspecific with H. habilis?

40. Homo habilis 1.6 - 1.9 MYA formerly Australopithecus

41. Homo habilis

42. An analysis of the skulls of Homo habilis suggest that they may have had at least rudimentary language

43. Homo erectus

45. Homo ergaster 1.5 - 1.8 MYA African H. erectus

46. Homo ergaster

48. Homo heidelbergensis immediate ancestor to H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens

49. Homo neanderthalensis

51. Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens

54. Analyses of a limited sample of ancient DNA suggest that modern humans and Neandertals were distinct lineages, and that modern humans emerging from Africa replaced Neandertals in Europe

55. What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! Hamlet, William Shakespeare

56. The origin of modern Homo sapiens is controversial

57. Homo sapiens Morphological analyses suggest that modern humans evolved in Africa, then replaced archaic humans elsewhere

59. bipedalism big brains naked skin Causes of hominid evolution

60. Pelvic girdle femalemale Tilted forward Bones lighter, thinner, smoother Cavity of true pelvis: broad, shallow Acetabulasmaller, further apart Pubic arch broader Pelvic brim wider Sacrum wider, shorter

61. chimpanzee human

62. gorilla human

66. There are one hundred and ninety-three living species of monkeys and apes. One hundred and ninety-two of them are covered with hair. The exception is a naked ape self-named Homo sapiens. Desmond Morris

67. gibbonchimpanzeeorangutangorillahuman